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Biological Mechanisms Induced by Soybean Agglutinin Using an Intestinal Cell Model of Monogastric Animals.

ABSTRACT: Soybean agglutinin (SBA) has a toxic effect on most animals. The anti-nutritional mechanisms of SBA are not fully understood, in terms of cell survival activity and metabolism of intestinal cells. This study aims to investigate the effects of SBA on the cell cycle, apoptosis, and to verify the mechanism of SBA anti-nutritional characters based on proteomic-based analysis. The IPEC-J2 cell line was cultured with medium containing 0.0, 0.5, or 2.0 mg/mL SBA. With increasing SBA levels, the percentage of the cells at G0/G1 phase, cell apoptosis rates, expressions of Bax and p21, and the activities of Casp-3 and Casp-9 were increased, while cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 expressions were declined (p < 0.05). The proteomic analysis showed that the numbers of differentially expressed proteins, induced by SBA, were mainly enriched in different pathways including DNA replication, base excision repair, nucleus excision repair, mismatch repair, amide and peptide biosynthesis, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, as well as structures and functions of mitochondria and ribosome. In conclusion, the anti-nutritional mechanism of SBA is a complex cellular process. Such process including DNA related activities; protein synthesis and metabolism; signal-conducting relation; as well as subcellular structure and function. This study provides comprehensive information to understand the toxic mechanism of SBA in monogastrics.

SUBMITTER: Pan L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8207199 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A highly glucose-tolerant GH1 β-glucosidase with greater conversion rate of soybean isoflavones in monogastric animals.

Project description:In the feed industry, β-glucosidase has been widely used in the conversion of inactive and bounded soybean isoflavones into active aglycones. However, the conversion is frequently inhibited by the high concentration of intestinal glucose in monogastric animals. In this study, a GH1 β-glucosidase (AsBG1) with high specific activity, thermostability and glucose tolerance (IC50 = 800 mM) was identified. It showed great glucose tolerance against substrates with hydrophobic aryl ligands (such as pNPG and soy isoflavones). Using soybean meal as the substrate, AsBG1 exhibited higher hydrolysis efficiency than the GH3 counterpart Bgl3A with or without the presence of glucose in the reaction system. Furthermore, it is the first time to find that the endogenous β-glucosidase of soybean meal, mostly belonging to GH3, plays a role in the hydrolysis of soybean isoflavones and is highly sensitive to glucose. These findings lead to a conclusion that the GH1 rather than GH3 β-glucosidase has prosperous application advantages in the conversion of soybean isoflavones in the feed industry.

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Effect of soybean agglutinin on biological function of gut

Project description:This study aims to investigate the effects of SBA on the cell cycle, apoptosis, and to verify the mechanism of SBA anti-nutritional characters based on proteomic-based analysis. The IPEC-J2 cell line was cultured with medium containing 0.0, 0.5 or 2.0 mg/mL SBA. With increasing SBA levels, the percentage of the cells at G0/G1 phase, cell apoptosis rates, expressions of Bax and p21, and the activities of Casp-3 and Casp-9 were increased, while cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 expressions were declined (p<0.05). The proteomic analysis showed that the numbers of differentially expressed proteins, induced by SBA, were mainly enriched in different pathways including DNA replication, base excision repair, nucleus excision repair, mismatch repair, amide and peptide biosynthesis, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, as well as structures and functions of mitochondria and ribosome. In conclusion, the anti-nutritional mechanism of SBA is a complex cellular process. Such process including DNA related activities; protein synthesis and metabolism; signal-conducting relation; as well as subcellular structure and function. This study provides comprehensive information to understand the toxic mechanism of SBA in monogastrics.

2021-05-04 | PXD025751 | Pride

Integrins Were Involved in Soybean Agglutinin Induced Cell Apoptosis in IPEC-J2.

Project description:Soybean agglutinin (SBA), is a non-fiber carbohydrate related protein and a major anti-nutritional factor. Integrins, transmembrane glycoproteins, are involved in many biological processes. Although recent work suggested that integrins are involved in SBA-induced cell-cycle alterations, no comprehensive study has reported whether integrins are involved in SBA-induced cell apoptosis (SCA) in IPEC-J2. The relationship between SBA and integrins are still unclear. We aimed to elucidate the effects of SBA on IPEC-J2 cell proliferation and cell apoptosis; to study the roles of integrins in IPEC-J2 normal cell apoptosis (NCA) and SCA; and to illustrate the relationship and connection type between SBA and integrins. Thus, IPEC-J2 cells were treated with SBA at the levels of 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/mL to determine cell proliferation and cell apoptosis. The cells were divided into control, SBA treated groups, integrin inhibitor groups, and SBA + integrin inhibitor groups to determine the integrin function in SCA. The results showed that SBA significantly (p < 0.05) lowered cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in IPEC-J2 (p < 0.05). Inhibition of any integrin type induced the cell apoptosis (p < 0.05) and these integrins were involved in SCA (p < 0.05). Even SBA had no physical connection with integrins, an association was detected between SBA and α-actinin-2 ACTN2 (integrin-binding protein). Additionally, SBA reduced the mRNA expression of integrins by down regulating the gene expression level of ACTN2. We concluded an evidence for the anti-nutritional mechanism of SBA by ACTN2 with integrins. Further trials are needed to prove whether ACTN2 is the only protein for connecting SBA with integrin.

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The Integrins Involved in Soybean Agglutinin-Induced Cell Cycle Alterations in IPEC-J2.

Project description:Soybean agglutinin (SBA) is an anti-nutritional factor of soybean, affecting cell proliferation and inducing cytotoxicity. Integrins are transmembrane receptors, mediating a variety of cell biological processes. This research aims to study the effects of SBA on cell proliferation and cell cycle progression of the intestinal epithelial cell line from piglets (IPEC-J2), to identify the integrin subunits especially expressed in IPEC-J2s, and to analyze the functions of these integrins on IPEC-J2 cell cycle progression and SBA-induced IPEC-J2 cell cycle alteration. The results showed that SBA lowered cell proliferation rate as the cell cycle progression from G0/G1 to S phase (P < 0.05) was inhibited. Moreover, SBA lowered mRNA expression of cell cycle-related gene CDK4, Cyclin E and Cyclin D1 (P < 0.05). We successfully identified integrins α2, α3, α6, β1, and β4 in IPEC-J2s. These five subunits were crucial to maintain normal cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in IPEC-J2s. Restrain of either these five subunits by their inhibitors, lowered cell proliferation rate, and arrested the cells at G0/G1 phase of cell cycle (P < 0.05). Further analysis indicated that integrin α2, α6, and β1 were involved in the blocking of G0/G1 phase induced by SBA. In conclusion, these results suggested that SBA lowered the IPEC-J2 cell proliferation rate through the perturbation of cell cycle progression. Furthermore, integrins were important for IPEC-J2 cell cycle progression, and they were involved in the process of SBA-induced cell cycle progression alteration, which provide a basis for further revealing SBA anti-proliferation and anti-nutritional mechanism.

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Project description:Soybean agglutinin (SBA) is a specific N-acetylgalactosamine-binding plant lectin that can agglutinate a wide variety of cells. SBA has great potential for medical and biotechnology-focused applications, including screening and treatment of breast cancer, isolation of fetal cells from maternal blood for genetic screening, the possibility as a carrier system for oral drug delivery, and utilization as an affinity tag for high-quality purification of tagged proteins. The success of these applications, to a large degree, critically depends on the development of a highly efficient expression system for a source of recombinant SBA (rSBA). Here, we demonstrate the utility of transient and stable expression systems in Nicotiana benthamiana and potato, respectively, for the production of rSBA, with the transgenic protein accumulated to 4% of total soluble protein (TSP) in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and 0.3% of TSP in potato tubers. Furthermore, we show that both plant-derived rSBAs retain their ability to induce the agglutination of red blood cells, are similarly glycosylated when compared with native SBA, retained their binding specificity for N-acetylgalactosamine, and were highly resistant to degradation in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. Affinity column purification using N-acetylgalactosamine as a specific ligand resulted in high recovery and purity of rSBA. This work is the first step toward use of rSBA for various new applications, including the development of rSBA as a novel affinity tag for simplified purification of tagged proteins and as a new carrier molecule for delivery of oral drugs.

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Project description:The variables influencing laccase production by white-rot fungus Ganoderma sp. rckk-02 were optimized employing response surface methodology. Malt extract (6.0% w/v), lignin (0.5% w/v) and pH (5.5) were found to be the most significant factors for enhanced laccase production by 7 fold (226.0 U/ml) as compared to unoptimized growth conditions (32.0 U/ml). The N-terminal sequence of laccase revealed its distinct amino acid profile (S- I- R- N- S- G), which suggested it as a novel enzyme. The Far-UV CD spectrum of the laccase showed single broad negative trough at around 213 nm, a typical signature of all β proteins. The laccase was found to fall in the range of middle redox potential laccases. Purified laccase at dosage of 2.5 Ug(-1) body weight when supplemented with pelleted diet of rats, a significant improvement (p < 0.05) in nutrients digestibility without causing any elevation of blood stress enzymes was observed.

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Unfolding studies on soybean agglutinin and concanavalin a tetramers: a comparative account.

Project description:The unfolding pathway of two very similar tetrameric legume lectins soybean agglutinin (SBA) and Concanavalin A (ConA) were determined using GdnCl-induced denaturation. Both proteins displayed a reversible two-state unfolding mechanism. The analysis of isothermal denaturation data provided values for conformational stability of the two proteins. It was found that the DeltaG of unfolding of SBA was much higher than ConA at all the temperatures at which the experiments were done. ConA had a T(g) 18 degrees C less than SBA. The higher conformational stability of SBA in comparison to ConA is largely due to substantial differences in their degrees of subunit interactions. Ionic interactions at the interface of the two proteins especially at the noncanonical interface seem to play a significant role in the observed stability differences between these two proteins. Furthermore, SBA is a glycoprotein with a GlcNac2Man9 chain attached to Asn-75 of each subunit. The sugar chain in SBA lies at the noncanonical interface of the protein, and it is found to interact with the amino acid residues in the adjacent noncanonical interface. These interactions further stabilize SBA with respect to ConA, which is not glycosylated.

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