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High-responsivity graphene photodetectors integrated on silicon microring resonators.

ABSTRACT: Graphene integrated photonics provides several advantages over conventional Si photonics. Single layer graphene (SLG) enables fast, broadband, and energy-efficient electro-optic modulators, optical switches and photodetectors (GPDs), and is compatible with any optical waveguide. The last major barrier to SLG-based optical receivers lies in the current GPDs' low responsivity when compared to conventional PDs. Here we overcome this by integrating a photo-thermoelectric GPD with a Si microring resonator. Under critical coupling, we achieve >90% light absorption in a ~6 μm SLG channel along a Si waveguide. Cavity-enhanced light-matter interactions cause carriers in SLG to reach ~400 K for an input power ~0.6 mW, resulting in a voltage responsivity ~90 V/W, with a receiver sensitivity enabling our GPDs to operate at a 10^-9 bit-error rate, on par with mature semiconductor technology, but with a natural generation of a voltage, rather than a current, thus removing the need for transimpedance amplification, with a reduction of energy-per-bit, cost, and foot-print.

SUBMITTER: Schuler S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8213857 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:The ability to perform multiple simultaneous protein biomarker measurements in complex media with picomolar sensitivity presents a large challenge to disease diagnostics and fundamental biological studies. Silicon photonic microring resonators represent a promising platform for real-time detection of biomolecules on account of their spectral sensitivity toward surface binding events between a target and antibody-modified microrings. For all refractive index-based sensing schemes, the mass of bound analytes, in combination with other factors such as antibody affinity and surface density, contributes to the observed signal and measurement sensitivity. Therefore, proteins that are simultaneously low in abundance and have a lower molecular weight are often challenging to detect. By employing a more massive secondary antibody to amplify the signal arising from the initial binding event, it is possible to improve both the sensitivity and the specificity of protein assays, allowing for quantitative sensing in complex sample matrices. Herein, a sandwich assay is used to detect the 15.5 kDa human cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) at concentrations down to 100 pg/mL (6.5 pM) and to quantitate unknown solution concentrations over a dynamic range spanning 2.5 orders of magnitude. This same sandwich assay is then used to monitor the temporal secretion profile of IL-2 from Jurkat T lymphocytes in serum-containing cell culture media in the presence of the entire Jurkat secretome. The same temporal secretion analysis is performed in parallel using a commercial ELISA, revealing similar IL-2 concentration profiles but superior precision for the microring resonator sensing platform. Furthermore, we demonstrate the generality of the sandwich assay methodology on the microring resonator platform for the analysis of any biomolecular target for which two high-affinity antibodies exist by detecting the approximately 8 kDa cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) with a limit of detection and dynamic range similar to that of IL-2. This work demonstrates the first application of silicon photonic microring resonators for detecting cellular secretion of cytokines and represents an important advance for the detection of protein biomarkers on an emerging analytical platform.

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High-responsivity graphene photodetectors integrated on silicon microring resonators.

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