Risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in a university student population.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Rennert L
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8241413 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Despite over 140 million SARS-CoV-2 infections worldwide since the beginning of the pandemic, relatively few confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection have been reported. While immunity from SARS-CoV-2 infection is probable, at least in the short term, few studies have quantified the reinfection risk. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review to synthesise the evidence on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection over time. A standardised protocol was employed, based on Cochrane methodology. Electronic databases and preprint servers were searched from 1 January 2020 to 19 February 2021. Eleven large cohort studies were identified that estimated the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection over time, including three that enrolled healthcare workers and two that enrolled residents and staff of elderly care homes. Across studies, the total number of PCR-positive or antibody-positive participants at baseline was 615,777, and the maximum duration of follow-up was more than 10 months in three studies. Reinfection was an uncommon event (absolute rate 0%-1.1%), with no study reporting an increase in the risk of reinfection over time. Only one study estimated the population-level risk of reinfection based on whole genome sequencing in a subset of patients; the estimated risk was low (0.1% [95% CI: 0.08-0.11%]) with no evidence of waning immunity for up to 7 months following primary infection. These data suggest that naturally acquired SARS-CoV-2 immunity does not wane for at least 10 months post-infection. However, the applicability of these studies to new variants or to vaccine-induced immunity remains uncertain.
| S-EPMC8209951 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundSerological assays detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are being widely deployed in studies and clinical practice. However, the duration and effectiveness of the protection conferred by the immune response remains to be assessed in population-based samples. To estimate the incidence of newly acquired SARS-CoV-2 infections in seropositive individuals as compared to seronegative controls we conducted a retrospective longitudinal matched study.MethodsA seroprevalence survey including a representative sample of the population was conducted in Geneva, Switzerland between April and June 2020, immediately after the first pandemic wave. Seropositive participants were matched one-to-two to seronegative controls, using a propensity-score including age, gender, immunodeficiency, BMI, smoking status and education level. Each individual was linked to a state-registry of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Our primary outcome was confirmed infections occurring from serological status assessment to the end of the second pandemic wave (January 2021).ResultsAmong 8344 serosurvey participants, 498 seropositive individuals were selected and matched with 996 seronegative controls. After a mean follow-up of 35.6 (SD 3.2) weeks, 7 out of 498 (1.4%) seropositive subjects had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, of whom 5 (1.0%) were classified as reinfections. In contrast, the infection rate was higher in seronegative individuals (15.5%, 154/996) during a similar follow-up period (mean 34.7 [SD 3.2] weeks), corresponding to a 94% (95%CI 86% to 98%, P<0.001) reduction in the hazard of having a positive SARS-CoV-2 test for seropositives.ConclusionsSeroconversion after SARS-CoV-2 infection confers protection against reinfection lasting at least 8 months. These findings could help global health authorities establishing priority for vaccine allocation.
| S-EPMC8241483 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The scientific community has questioned whether reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is possible. Gradually, cases of reinfection have been documented. In Mexico, people with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection have not been officially identified. To allow a retrospective investigation of patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 and to identify how reinfected with this virus occurs in a population that requires medical attention. A retrospective search of the epidemiological surveillance system was performed to identify people who met the clinical criteria based on laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 and temporality to identify cases of reinfection. Clinical information was collected from clinical records. Seven people with two separate COVID-19 events were identified in medical units in Quintana Roo, Mexico between April and December 2020. The overall median interval between the two events was 156 days (61-191 days). Six people were health workers, and one was a member of the general population. This is one of the first reports of reinfection in health personnel in Mexico, revealing that the frequency of reinfection is low among positive cases and that the interval between infection episodes was three months. There are several scenarios in the natural history of the disease that must be considered based on adequate anamnesis with a clinical-epidemiological approach to determine the correct diagnostic category.
| S-EPMC8351271 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMultiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreaks occurred at universities during Fall 2020, but little is known about risk factors for campus-associated infections or immunity provided by anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in young adults.MethodsWe conducted surveys and serology tests among students living in dormitories in September and November to examine infection risk factors and antibody presence. Using campus weekly reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test results, the relationship between survey responses, SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and infections was assessed.ResultsOf 6136 students, 1197 completed the survey and 572 also completed serologic testing in September compared with 517 and 414 in November, respectively. Participation in fraternity or sorority events (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.9 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.4-2.5]) and frequent alcohol consumption (aRR, 1.6 [95% CI, 1.2-2.2]) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mask wearing during social events (aRR, 0.6 [95% CI, .6-1.0]) was associated with decreased risk. None of the 20 students with antibodies in September tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the semester, while 27.8% of students who tested RT-PCR positive tested negative for antibodies in November.ConclusionsFrequent drinking and attending social events were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antibody presence in September appeared to be protective from reinfection, but this finding was not statistically significant.
| S-EPMC8436379 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC8099311 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become pandemic and the duration of protective immunity to the virus is unknown. Cases of persons reinfected with the virus are being reported with increasing frequency. At present it is unclear how common reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is and how long serum antibodies and virus-specific T cells persist after infection. For many other respiratory virus infections, including influenza and the seasonal coronaviruses that cause colds, serum antibodies persist for only months to a few years and reinfections are very common. Here we review what is known about the duration of immunity and reinfection with coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, as well as the duration of immunity to other viruses and virus vaccines. These findings have implications for the need of continued protective measures and for vaccines for persons previously infected with SARS-CoV-2.
| S-EPMC7799323 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC7833993 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A healthcare worker presented with fever, cough, headache and tested positive by SARS-CoV-2 real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). He got admitted to hospital and recovered after 14 days. After 2 months, as a screening protocol considering the high risk setup he got tested and again found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2 by qRT-PCR. Our patient had detectable levels of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies during the reinfection but found negative for Neutralizing antibodies (NAb). Our findings suggest that the person after the initial infection might not develop the desired protective immunity to prevent the reinfection as demonstrated by absence of NAb.
| S-EPMC8590946 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC8059415 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ImportanceThe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had wide-spread impacts on health and behavioral patterns. Returning university students represent large-scale, transient demographic shifts and a potential source of transmission risk to adjacent communities.ObjectiveTest the a priori hypothesis that the Fall 2020 student return-to-campus would correlate with an increase in infection rates in the surrounding community; identify risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection within and between the subgroups.DesignProspective longitudinal cohort study.SettingConducted in Centre County, Pennsylvania, USA from August 2020 to December 2020.ParticipantsNon-random cohorts of county residents 18 years of age or older living in Centre County prior to the return to in-person instruction at the Pennsylvania State University and returning students who were enrolled during the Fall 2020 term.ExposuresContact with known SARS-CoV-2-positive and COVID-symptomatic individuals, attending gatherings of various sizes, and adherence to public health non-pharmaceutical interventions.Main outcomes and measuresPresence of IgG antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 surface spike glycoprotein (S) receptor-binding domain (S/RBD), measured using an indirect isotype-specific (IgG) screening enzyme immunoassay.ResultsOf 345 community participants, 19 (5.5%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies at their first visit between 7 August and 2 October. Of 625 returning student participants, 195 (31.2%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies between 26 October and 23 November. 28 (8.1%) of the community participants had returned a positive result by 9 December. Only contact with known SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals and attendance at small gatherings (20-50 individuals) were significant predictors of IgG antibodies among returning students (aOR, 95% CI: 3.24, 2.14-4.91, p<0.001; 1.62, 1.08-2.44, p<0.05; respectively).Conclusions and relevanceDespite high seroprevalence observed within the student population, seroprevalence in a longitudinal cohort of community residents was low and stable from before student arrival for the Fall 2020 term to after student departure, implying limited transmission between these cohorts. This implies the potential to minimize the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from high prevalence, geographically coincident sub-populations. Future work should investigate the relative efficacy of specific measures to reduce risk of transmission from itinerant to resident populations and guide communities with high levels of episodic migration and similar social configurations.
| S-EPMC7899462 | biostudies-literature