The cp genome characterization of Adenium obesum: Gene content, repeat organization and phylogeny.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Alanazi KM
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8241589 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Clusters of orthologous groups [COGs; Tatusov, R. L., Koonin, E. V. & Lipman, D. J. (1997) Science 278, 631-637] were identified for a set of 13 completely sequenced herpesviruses. Each COG represented a family of gene products conserved across several herpes genomes. These families were defined without using an arbitrary threshold criterion based on sequence similarity. The COG technique was modified so that variable stringency in COG construction was possible. High stringencies identify a core set of highly conserved genes. Varying COG stringency reveals differences in the degree of conservation between functional classes of genes. The COG data were used to construct whole-genome phylogenetic trees based on gene content. These trees agree well with trees based on other methods and are robust when tested by bootstrap analysis. The COG data also were used to construct a reciprocal tree that clustered genes with similar phylogenetic profiles. This clustering may give clues to genes with related functions or with related histories of acquisition and loss during herpesvirus evolution.
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Project description:Determining the phylogeny of closely related prokaryotes may fail in an analysis of rRNA or a small set of sequences. Whole-genome phylogeny utilizes the maximally available sample space. For a precise determination of genome similarity, two aspects have to be considered when developing an algorithm of whole-genome phylogeny: (1) gene order conservation is a more precise signal than gene content; and (2) when using sequence similarity, failures in identifying orthologues or the in situ replacement of genes via horizontal gene transfer may give misleading results. GO4genome is a new paradigm, which is based on a detailed analysis of gene function and the location of the respective genes. For characterization of genes, the algorithm uses gene ontology enabling a comparison of function independent of evolutionary relationship. After the identification of locally optimal series of gene functions, their length distribution is utilized to compute a phylogenetic distance. The outcome is a classification of genomes based on metabolic capabilities and their organization. Thus, the impact of effects on genome organization that are not covered by methods of molecular phylogeny can be studied. Genomes of strains belonging to Escherichia coli, Shigella, Streptococcus, Methanosarcina, and Yersinia were analyzed. Differences from the findings of classical methods are discussed.
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Project description:This is the first report of a complete mitochondrial genome sequence from a photosynthetic member of the stramenopiles, the chrysophyte alga Chrysodidymus synuroideus. The circular-mapping mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 34 119 bp contains 58 densely packed genes (all without introns) and five unique open reading frames (ORFs). Protein genes code for components of respiratory chain complexes, ATP synthase and the mitoribosome, as well as one product of unknown function, encoded in many other protist mtDNAs (YMF16). In addition to small and large subunit ribosomal RNAs, 23 tRNAs are mtDNA-encoded, permitting translation of all codons present in protein-coding genes except ACN (Thr) and CGN (Arg). The missing tRNAs are assumed to be imported from the cytosol. Comparison of the C.SYNUROIDEUS: mtDNA with that of other stramenopiles allowed us to draw conclusions about mitochondrial genome organization, expression and evolution. First, we provide evidence that mitochondrial ORFs code for highly derived, unrecognizable versions of ribosomal or respiratory genes otherwise 'missing' in a particular mtDNA. Secondly, the observed constraints in mitochondrial genome rearrangements suggest operon-based, co-ordinated expression of genes functioning in common biological processes. Finally, stramenopile mtDNAs reveal an unexpectedly low variability in genome size and gene complement, testifying to substantial differences in the tempo of mtDNA evolution between major eukaryotic lineages.
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Project description:BACKGROUND:Raw second-generation (2G) lignocellulosic biomass materials have the potential for development into a sustainable and renewable source of energy. Poplar is regarded as a promising 2G material (P. davidiana Dode×P. bolleana Lauch, P. bolleana, P. davidiana, P. euphratica, et al). However, their large-scale commercialization still faces many obstacles. For example, drought prevents sufficient irrigation or rainfall, which can reduce soil moisture and eventually destroy the chloroplast, the plant photosynthetic organelle. Heterosis is widely used in the production of drought-tolerant materials, such as the superior clone "Shanxinyang" selected from the offspring of Populus davidiana Dode×Populus bolleana Lauch. Because it produces good wood and is easily genetically transformed, "Shanxinyang" has become a promising material for use in tree genetics. It is also one of the most abundant biofuel plants in northern China. Understanding the genetic features of chloroplasts, the cp transcriptome and physiology is crucial to elucidating the chloroplast drought-response model. RESULTS:In this study, the whole genome of "Shanxinyang" was sequenced. The chloroplast genome was assembled, and chloroplast structure was analysed and compared with that of other popular plants. Chloroplast transcriptome analysis was performed under drought conditions. The total length of the "Shanxinyang" chloroplast genome was 156,190?bp, the GC content was 36.75%, and the genome was composed of four typical areas (LSC, IRa, IRb, and SSC). A total of 114 simple repeats were detected in the chloroplast genome of "Shanxinyang". In cp transcriptome analysis, we found 161 up-regulated and 157 down-regulated genes under drought, and 9 cpDEGs was randomly selected to conduct reverse transcription (RT)-qPCR., in which the Log2 (fold change) was significantly consistent with the qPCR results. The analysis of chloroplast transcription under drought provided clues for understanding chloroplast function under drought. The phylogenetic position of "Shanxinyang" within Populus was analysed by using the chloroplast genome sequences of 23 Populus plants, showing that "Shanxinyang" belongs to Sect. Populus and is sister to Populus davidiana. Further, mVISTA analysis showed that the variation in non-coding (regulatory) regions was greater than that in coding regions, which suggests that further attention should be paid to the chloroplast in order to obtain new evolutionary or functional insights related to aspects of plant biology. CONCLUSIONS:Our findings indicate that complex prokaryotic genome regulation occurs when processing transcripts under drought stress. The results not only offer clues for understanding the chloroplast genome and transcription features in woody plants but also serve as a basis for future molecular studies on poplar species.
| S-EPMC7201580 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMembers of the Bacillus genus have been isolated from a variety of environments. However, the relationship between potential metabolism and the niche from which bacteria of this genus have been isolated has not been extensively studied. The existence of a monophyletic aquatic Bacillus group, composed of members isolated from both marine and fresh water has been proposed. Here, we present a phylogenetic/phylogenomic analysis to investigate the potential relationship between the environment from which group members have been isolated and their evolutionary origin. We also carried out hierarchical clustering based on functional content to test for potential environmental effects on the genetic content of these bacteria.ResultsThe phylogenetic reconstruction showed that Bacillus strains classified as aquatic have evolutionary origins in different lineages. Although we observed the presence of a clade consisting exclusively of aquatic Bacillus, it is not comprised of the same strains previously reported. In contrast to phylogeny, clustering based on the functional categories of the encoded proteomes resulted in groups more compatible with the environments from which the organisms were isolated. This evidence suggests a detectable environmental influence on bacterial genetic content, despite their different evolutionary origins.ConclusionOur results suggest that aquatic Bacillus species have polyphyletic origins, but exhibit convergence at the gene content level.
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Project description:Cp-1, a bacteriophage infecting Streptococcus pneumoniae, has a linear double-stranded DNA genome, with a terminal protein covalently linked to its 5' ends, that replicates by the protein-priming mechanism. We describe here the complete DNA sequence and transcriptional map of the Cp-1 genome. These analyses have led to the firm assignment of 10 genes and the localization of 19 additional open reading frames in the 19,345-bp Cp-1 DNA. Striking similarities and differences between some of these proteins and those of the Bacillus subtilis phage phi 29, a system that also replicates its DNA by the protein-priming mechanism, have been revealed. The genes coding for structural proteins and assembly factors are located in the central part of the Cp-1 genome. Several proteins corresponding to the predicted gene products were identified by in vitro and in vivo expression of the cloned genes. Mature major head protein from the virion particles results from hydrolysis of the primary gene product at the His-49 residue, whereas the phage gene is expressed in Escherichia coli without modification. We have also identified two open reading frames coding for proteins that show high degrees of similarity to the N- and C-terminal regions, respectively, of the single tail protein identified in phi 29. Sequencing and primer extension analysis suggest transcription of a small RNA showing a secondary structure similar to that of the prohead RNA required for the ATP-dependent packaging of phi 29 DNA. On the basis of its temporal expression, transcription of the Cp-1 genome takes place in two stages, early and late. Combined Northern (RNA) blot and primer extension experiments allowed us to map the 5' initiation sites of the transcripts, and we found that only three genes were transcribed from right to left. These analyses reveal that there are also noticeable differences between Cp-l and phi 29 in transcriptional organization. Considered together, the observations reported here provide new tangible evidence on phylogenetic relationships between B. subtilis and S. pneumoniae.
| S-EPMC190243 | biostudies-other
Project description:The ankyrin (ANK) repeat protein family is largely distributed across plants and has been found to participate in multiple processes such as plant growth and development, hormone response, response to biotic and abiotic stresses. It is considered as one of the major markers of capsaicin content in pepper fruits. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification and expression analysis of genes encoding ANK proteins in three Capsicum species: Capsicum baccatum, Capsicum annuum and Capsicum chinense. We identified a total of 87, 85 and 96 ANK genes in C. baccatum, C. annuum and C. chinense genomes, respectively. Next, we performed a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of the Capsicum ANK gene family including gene chromosomal localization, Cis-elements, conserved motif identification, intron/exon structural patterns and gene ontology classification as well as profile expression. Phylogenetic and domain organization analysis grouped the Capsicum ANK gene family into ten subfamilies distributed across all 12 pepper chromosomes at different densities. Analysis of the expression of ANK genes in leaf and pepper fruits suggested that the ANKs have specific expression patterns at various developmental stages in placenta tissue. Our results provide valuable information for further studies of the evolution, classification and putative functions of ANK genes in pepper.
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Project description:Plant mitochondrial (mt) genome assembly provides baseline data on size, structure, and gene content, but resolving the sequence of these large and complex organelle genomes remains challenging due to fragmentation, frequent recombination, and transfers of DNA from neighboring plastids. The mt genome for Eleusine indica (Poaceae: goosegrass) is comprehensibly analyzed here, providing key reference data for an economically significant invasive species that is also the maternal parent of the allotetraploid crop Finger millet (Eleusine coracana). The assembled E. indica genome contains 33 protein coding genes, 6 rRNA subunits, 24 tRNA, 8 large repetitive regions 15 kb of transposable elements across a total of 520,691 bp. Evidence of RNA editing and loss of rpl2, rpl5, rps14, rps11, sdh4, and sdh3 genes is evaluated in the context of an updated survey of mt genomic gene content across the grasses through an analysis of publicly available data. Hypothesized patterns of Poaceae mt gene loss are examined in a phylogenetic context to clarify timing, showing that rpl2 was transferred to the nucleus from the mitochondrion prior to the origin of the PACMAD clade.
| S-EPMC7145533 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) gene family is one of the largest gene families in plants and plays important roles in posttranscriptional regulation. In this study, we combined whole genome sequencing and transcriptomes to systematically investigate PPRs in Salvia miltiorrhiza, which is a well-known material of traditional Chinese medicine and an emerging model system for medicinal plant studies. Among 562 identified SmPPRs, 299 belong to the P subfamily while the others belong to the PLS subfamily. The majority of SmPPRs have only one exon and are localized in the mitochondrion or chloroplast. As many as 546 SmPPRs were expressed in at least one tissue and exhibited differential expression patterns, which indicates they likely play a variety of functions in S. miltiorrhiza. Up to 349 SmPPRs were salicylic acid-responsive and 183 SmPPRs were yeast extract and Ag?-responsive, which indicates these genes might be involved in S. miltiorrhiza defense stresses and secondary metabolism. Furthermore, 23 salicylic acid-responsive SmPPRs were co-expressed with phenolic acid biosynthetic enzyme genes only while 16 yeast extract and Ag?-responsive SmPPRs were co-expressed with tanshinone biosynthetic enzyme genes only. Two SmPPRs were co-expressed with both phenolic acid and tanshinone biosynthetic enzyme genes. The results provide a useful platform for further investigating the roles of PPRs in S. miltiorrhiza.
| S-EPMC6099403 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND: Lignin is a phenolic heteropolymer in secondary cell walls that plays a major role in the development of plants and their defense against pathogens. The biosynthesis of monolignols, which represent the main component of lignin involves many enzymes. The cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis as it catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of monolignols. The CAD gene family has been studied in Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa and partially in Populus. This is the first comprehensive study on the CAD gene family in woody plants including genome organization, gene structure, phylogeny across land plant lineages, and expression profiling in Populus. RESULTS: The phylogenetic analyses showed that CAD genes fall into three main classes (clades), one of which is represented by CAD sequences from gymnosperms and angiosperms. The other two clades are represented by sequences only from angiosperms. All Populus CAD genes, except PoptrCAD 4 are distributed in Class II and Class III. CAD genes associated with xylem development (PoptrCAD 4 and PoptrCAD 10) belong to Class I and Class II. Most of the CAD genes are physically distributed on duplicated blocks and are still in conserved locations on the homeologous duplicated blocks. Promoter analysis of CAD genes revealed several motifs involved in gene expression modulation under various biological and physiological processes. The CAD genes showed different expression patterns in poplar with only two genes preferentially expressed in xylem tissues during lignin biosynthesis. CONCLUSION: The phylogeny of CAD genes suggests that the radiation of this gene family may have occurred in the early ancestry of angiosperms. Gene distribution on the chromosomes of Populus showed that both large scale and tandem duplications contributed significantly to the CAD gene family expansion. The duplication of several CAD genes seems to be associated with a genome duplication event that happened in the ancestor of Salicaceae. Phylogenetic analyses associated with expression profiling and results from previous studies suggest that CAD genes involved in wood development belong to Class I and Class II. The other CAD genes from Class II and Class III may function in plant tissues under biotic stresses. The conservation of most duplicated CAD genes, the differential distribution of motifs in their promoter regions, and the divergence of their expression profiles in various tissues of Populus plants indicate that genes in the CAD family have evolved tissue-specialized expression profiles and may have divergent functions.
| S-EPMC2662859 | biostudies-other