Genetics of Resistance to Common Root Rot (Spot Blotch), Fusarium Crown Rot, and Sharp Eyespot in Wheat.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Su J
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8260946 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:The use of polysaccharides to induce the systemic immune response of plants for disease resistance has become an effective plant protection measure. Sharp eyespot wheat and crown rot wheat are serious diseases of wheat. In this study, the control effects of hexaconazole and lentinan (LNT) seed dressing of the two wheat diseases were evaluated by field experiments, and the effects of the seed dressing on plant growth, soil enzyme activity, and community diversity in the wheat rhizosphere were discussed. The results showed that the combined seed dressing of hexaconazole at 0.5 a.i. g·100 kg-1 and LNT at 4 a.i. g·100 kg-1 could significantly improve the control effect of the two wheat diseases. The combined treatment of hexaconazole and LNT had little effect on wheat soil enzyme activities. Different seed dressing treatments changed the fungal community structure in the wheat rhizosphere soil, and the combination of LNT and hexaconazole reduced the relative abundance of Rhizoctonia, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Bipolaris, and Gibberella in wheat planting soils. These findings suggested that the combined seed dressing of hexaconazole and LNT could effectively control soilborne diseases of wheat, concurrently could change in rhizosphere fungal community, and reduce in potential soilborne pathogens.
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Project description:Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important staple crop. Sharp eyespot and common root rot are destructive diseases of wheat. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. In this study, we synthesized the DmAMP1W gene, encoding Dahlia merckii DmAMP1, and investigated the antifungal role of DmAMP1W in vitro and in transgenic wheat. Protein electrophoresis analysis and in vitro inhibition results demonstrated that the synthesized DmAMP1W correctly translated to the expected peptide DmAMP1W, and the purified peptide inhibited growths of the fungi Rhizoctonia cerealis and Bipolaris sorokiniana, the pathogenic causes of wheat sharp eyespot and common root rot. DmAMP1W was introduced into a wheat variety Zhoumai18 via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The molecular characteristics indicated that DmAMP1W could be heritable and expressed in five transgenic wheat lines in T1-T2 generations. Average sharp eyespot infection types of these five DmAMP1W transgenic wheat lines in T1-T2 generations decreased 0.69-1.54 and 0.40-0.82 compared with non-transformed Zhoumai18, respectively. Average common root rot infection types of these transgenic lines and non-transformed Zhoumai18 were 1.23-1.48 and 2.27, respectively. These results indicated that DmAMP1W-expressing transgenic wheat lines displayed enhanced-resistance to both sharp eyespot and common root rot. This study provides new broad-spectrum antifungal resources for wheat breeding.
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Project description:Tolerance to the cereal disease Fusarium crown rot (FCR) was investigated in a set of 34 durum wheat genotypes, with Suntop, (bread wheat) and EGA Bellaroi (durum) as tolerant and intolerant controls, in a series of replicated field trials over four years with inoculated (FCR-i) and non-inoculated (FCR-n) plots of the genotypes. The genotypes included conventional durum lines and lines derived from crossing durum with 2-49, a bread wheat genotype with the highest level of partial resistance to FCR. A split plot trial design was chosen to optimize the efficiency for the prediction of FCR tolerance for each genotype. A multi-environment trial (MET) analysis was undertaken which indicated that there was good repeatability of FCR tolerance across years. Based on an FCR tolerance index, Suntop was the most tolerant genotype and EGA Bellaroi was very intolerant, but some durum wheats had FCR tolerance indices which were comparable to Suntop. These included some conventional durum genotypes, V101030, TD1702, V11TD013*3X-63 and DBA Bindaroi, as well as genotypes from crosses with 2-49 (V114916 and V114942). The correlation between FCR tolerance and FCR-n yield predictions was moderately negative indicating it could be somewhat difficult to develop FCR-tolerant genotypes that are high yielding under low disease pressure. However, FCR tolerance showed a positive correlation with FCR-i yield predictions in seasons of high disease expression indicating it could be possible to screen for FCR tolerance using only FCR-i treatments. These results are the first demonstration of genetic diversity in durum germplasm for FCR tolerance and they provide a basis for breeding for this trait.
| S-EPMC7880437 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Fusarium crown rot (FCR) is one of the most important diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). FCR is mainly caused by the fungal pathogens Fusarium culmorum and F. pseudograminearum. In order to identify new sources of resistance to FCR and to dissect the complexity of FCR resistance, a panel of 161 wheat accessions was phenotyped under growth room (GR) and greenhouse conditions (GH). Analysis of variance showed significant differences in crown rot development among wheat accessions and high heritability of genotype-environment interactions for GR (0.96) and GH (0.91). Mixed linear model analysis revealed seven novel quantitative trait loci (QTLs) linked to F. culmorum on chromosomes 2AL, 3AS, 4BS, 5BS, 5DS, 5DL and 6DS for GR and eight QTLs on chromosomes on 3AS, 3BS, 3DL, 4BS (2), 5BS, 6BS and 6BL for GH. Total phenotypic variances (R²) explained by the QTLs linked to GR and GH were 48% and 59%, respectively. In addition, five favorable epistasis interactions among the QTLs were detected for both GR and GH with and without main effects. Epistatic interaction contributed additional variation up to 21% under GR and 7% under GH indicating strong effects of environment on the expression of QTLs. Our results revealed FCR resistance responses in wheat to be complex and controlled by multiple QTLs.
| S-EPMC7035263 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Fusarium crown rot (FCR) is one of the most damaging cereal diseases in semi-arid regions worldwide. The genetics of FCR resistance in the bread wheat (Triticum eastivum L.) variety EGA Wylie, the most resistant commercial variety available, was studied by QTL mapping. Three populations of recombinant inbred lines were developed with this elite variety as the resistant parent. Four QTL conferring FCR resistance were detected and resistance alleles of all of them were derived from the resistant parent EGA Wylie. One of these loci was located on the short arm of chromosome 5D (designated as Qcrs.cpi-5D). This QTL explains up to 31.1% of the phenotypic variance with an LOD value of 9.6. The second locus was located on the long arm of chromosome 2D (designated as Qcrs.cpi-2D) and explained up to 20.2% of the phenotypic variance with an LOD value of 4.5. Significant effects of both Qcrs.cpi-5D and Qcrs.cpi-2D were detected in each of the three populations assessed. Another two QTL (designated as Qcrs.cpi-4B.1 and Qcrs.cpi-4B.2, respectively) were located on the short arm of chromosome 4B. These two QTL explained up to 16.9% and 18.8% of phenotypic variance, respectively. However, significant effects of Qcrs.cpi-4B.1 and Qcrs.cpi-4B.2 were not detected when the effects of plant height was accounted for by covariance analysis. The elite characteristics of this commercial variety should facilitate the incorporation of the resistance loci it contains into breeding programs.
| S-EPMC4002477 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Fusarium head blight (FHB) and sharp eyespot are important diseases of the cereal plants, including bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley. Both diseases are predominately caused by the pathogenic fungi, Fusarium graminearum and Rhizoctonia cerealis. The roles of the wheat-wall-associated kinases (WAKs) in defense against both F. graminearum and R. cerealis have remained largely unknown. This research reports the identification of TaWAK2A-800, a wheat WAK-coding gene located on chromosome 2A, and its functional roles in wheat resistance responses to FHB and sharp eyespot. TaWAK2A-800 transcript abundance was elevated by the early infection of R. cerealis and F. graminearum, or treatment with exogenous chitin. The gene transcript seemed to correspond to the resistance of wheat. Further functional analyses showed that silencing TaWAK2A-800 compromised the resistance of wheat to both FHB (F. graminearum) and sharp eyespot (R. cerealis). Moreover, the silencing reduced the expression levels of six defense-related genes, including the chitin-triggering immune pathway-marker genes, TaCERK1, TaRLCK1B, and TaMPK3. Summarily, TaWAK2A-800 participates positively in the resistance responses to both F. graminearum and R. cerealis, possibly through a chitin-induced pathway in wheat. TaWAK2A-800 will be useful for breeding wheat varieties with resistance to both FHB and sharp eyespot.
| S-EPMC8583783 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundFusarium crown rot (FCR) is a severe and chronic disease in common wheat and is able to cause serious yield loss and health problems to human and livestock.ResultsHere, 234 Chinese wheat cultivars were evaluated in four greenhouse experiments for FCR resistance and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed using the wheat 660 K genotyping assay. The results indicated that most cultivars evaluated showed FCR disease index (DI) of 40-60, while some cultivars showed stably good FCR resistance (DI < 30). GWAS identified 286 SNPs to be significantly associated with FCR resistance, of which 266, 6 and 8 were distributed on chromosomes 6A, 6B and 6D, respectively. The significant SNPs on 6A were located in a 7.0-Mb region containing 51 annotated genes. On the other hand, QTL mapping using a bi-parental population derived from UC1110 and PI610750 detected three QTLs on chromosomes 6A (explaining 7.77-10.17% of phenotypic variation), 2D (7.15-9.29%) and 2A (5.24-6.92%). The 6A QTL in the UC1110/PI610750 population falls into the same chromosomal region as those detected from GWAS, demonstrating its importance in Chinese materials for FCR resistance.ConclusionThis study could provide useful information for utilization of FCR-resistant wheat germplasm and further understanding of molecular and genetics basis of FCR resistance in common wheat.
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Project description:Fusarium culmorum is one of the most harmful pathogens of durum wheat and is the causal agent of foot and root rot (FRR) disease. F. culmorum produces the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) that is involved in the pathogenic process. The role of the gene FcStuA, a StuA ortholog protein with an APSES domain sharing 98.5% homology to the FgStuA protein (FGSG10129), was determined by functional characterisation of deletion mutants obtained from two F. culmorum wild-type strains, FcUk99 (a highly pathogenic DON producer) and Fc233B (unable to produce toxin and with a mild pathogenic behavior). The ?FcStuA mutants originating from both strains showed common phenotypic characters including stunted vegetative growth, loss of hydrophobicity of the mycelium, altered pigmentation, decreased activity of polygalacturonic enzymes and catalases, altered and reduced conidiation, delayed conidial germination patterns and complete loss of pathogenicity towards wheat stem base/root tissue. Glycolytic process efficiency [measured as growth on glucose as sole carbon (C) source] was strongly impaired and growth was partially restored on glutamic acid. Growth on pectin-like sources ranked in between glucose and glutamic acid with the following order (the lowest to the highest growth): beechwood xylan, sugarbeet arabinan, polygalacturonic acid, citrus pectin, apple pectin, potato azogalactan. DON production in the mutants originating from FcUK99 strain was significantly decreased (-95%) in vitro. Moreover, both sets of mutants were unable to colonise non-cereal plant tissues, i.e. apple and tomato fruits and potato tubers. No differences between mutants, ectopic and wild-type strains were observed concerning the level of resistance towards four fungicides belonging to three classes, the demethylase inhibitors epoxiconazole and tebuconzole, the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor isopyrazam and the cytochrome bc1 inhibitor trifloxystrobin. StuA, given its multiple functions in cell regulation and pathogenicity control, is proposed as a potential target for novel disease management strategies.
| S-EPMC3579838 | biostudies-other
Project description:The fungus F. pseudograminearum can cause the destructive disease Fusarium crown rot (FCR) of wheat, an important staple crop. Functional roles of FCR resistance genes in wheat are largely unknown. In the current research, we characterized the antifungal activity and positive-regulatory function of the cysteine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase TaCRK-7A in the defense against F. pseudograminearum in wheat. Antifungal assays showed that the purified TaCRK-7A protein inhibited the growth of F. pseudograminearum. TaCRK-7A transcript abundance was elevated after F. pseudograminearum attack and was positively related to FCR-resistance levels of wheat cultivars. Intriguingly, knocking down of TaCRK-7A transcript increased susceptibility of wheat to FCR and decreased transcript levels of defense-marker genes in wheat. Furthermore, the transcript abundances of TaCRK-7A and its modulated-defense genes were responsive to exogenous jasmonate treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that TaCRK-7A can directly inhibit F. pseudograminearum growth and mediates FCR-resistance by promoting the expression of wheat defense genes in the jasmonate pathway. Thus, TaCRK-7A is a potential gene resource in FCR-resistant wheat breeding program.
| S-EPMC8614996 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Wheat sharp eyespot, primarily caused by a soil-borne fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis, has become one of the most serious diseases of wheat in China. In this study, an ethylene response factor (ERF) gene from a wheat relative Thinopyrum intermedium, TiERF1, was characterized further, transgenic wheat lines expressing TiERF1 were developed, and the resistance of the transgenic wheat lines against R. cerealis was investigated. Southern blotting analysis indicated that at least two copies of the TiERF1 gene exist in the T. intermedium genome. Yeast one-hybrid assay indicated that the activation domain of TiERF1 is essential for activating the transcript of the reporter gene with the GCC-box cis-element. The TiERF1 gene was introduced into a Chinese wheat cultivar, Yangmai12, by biolistic bombardment. Results of PCR and Southern blotting analyses indicated that TiERF1 was successfully integrated into the genome of the transgenic wheat, where it can be passed down from the T0 to T4 generations. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis demonstrated that TiERF1 could be overexpressed in the stable transgenic plants, in which the expression levels of wheat pathogenesis-related (PR) genes primarily in the ethylene-dependent signal pathway, such as a chitinase gene and a beta-1,3-glucanase gene, were increased dramatically. Disease tests indicated that the overexpression of TiERF1 conferred enhanced resistance to sharp eyespot in the transgenic wheat lines compared with the wild-type and silenced TiERF1 plants. These results suggested that the overexpression of TiERF1 enhances resistance to sharp eyespot in transgenic wheat lines by activating PR genes primarily in the ethylene-dependent pathway.
| S-EPMC2639029 | biostudies-literature