Dataset Information

High Resolution, Deep Imaging Using Confocal Time-of-Flight Diffuse Optical Tomography.

ABSTRACT: Light scattering by tissue severely limits how deep beneath the surface one can image, and the spatial resolution one can obtain from these images. Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is one of the most powerful techniques for imaging deep within tissue - well beyond the conventional ∼ 10-15 mean scattering lengths tolerated by ballistic imaging techniques such as confocal and two-photon microscopy. Unfortunately, existing DOT systems are limited, achieving only centimeter-scale resolution. Furthermore, they suffer from slow acquisition times and slow reconstruction speeds making real-time imaging infeasible. We show that time-of-flight diffuse optical tomography (ToF-DOT) and its confocal variant (CToF-DOT), by exploiting the photon travel time information, allow us to achieve millimeter spatial resolution in the highly scattered diffusion regime ( mean free paths). In addition, we demonstrate two additional innovations: focusing on confocal measurements, and multiplexing the illumination sources allow us to significantly reduce the measurement acquisition time. Finally, we rely on a novel convolutional approximation that allows us to develop a fast reconstruction algorithm, achieving a 100× speedup in reconstruction time compared to traditional DOT reconstruction techniques. Together, we believe that these technical advances serve as the first step towards real-time, millimeter resolution, deep tissue imaging using DOT.

SUBMITTER: Zhao Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8270678 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

High Resolution, Deep Imaging Using Confocal Time-of-Flight Diffuse Optical Tomography.

Zhao Yongyi Y Raghuram Ankit A Kim Hyun K HK Hielscher Andreas H AH Robinson Jacob T JT Veeraraghavan Ashok A

IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 20210609 7

Light scattering by tissue severely limits how deep beneath the surface one can image, and the spatial resolution one can obtain from these images. Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is one of the most powerful techniques for imaging deep within tissue - well beyond the conventional ∼ 10-15 mean scattering lengths tolerated by ballistic imaging techniques such as confocal and two-photon microscopy. Unfortunately, existing DOT systems are limited, achieving only centimeter-scale resolution. Furthe ...[more]

PMID: 33891548

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Project description:SignificanceLine-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) is a recently introduced high-resolution imaging modality based on a combination of low-coherence optical interferometry and reflectance confocal optical microscopy with line illumination and line detection. Capable of producing three-dimensional (3D) images of the skin with cellular resolution, in vivo, LC-OCT has been mainly applied in dermatology and dermo-cosmetology. The LC-OCT devices capable of acquiring 3D images reported so far are based on a Linnik interferometer using two identical microscope objectives. In this configuration, LC-OCT cannot be designed to be a very compact and light device, and the image acquisition speed is limited.AimThe objective of this work was to develop a more compact and lighter LC-OCT device that is capable of acquiring images faster without significant degradation of the resolution and with optimized detection sensitivity.ApproachWe developed an LC-OCT device based on a Mirau interferometer using a single objective. Dynamic adjustment of the camera frequency during the depth scan is implemented, using a faster camera and a more powerful light source. The reflectivity of the beam-splitter in the Mirau interferometer was optimized to maximize the detection sensitivity. A galvanometer scanner was incorporated into the device for scanning the illumination line laterally. A stack of adjacent B-scans, constituting a 3D image, can thus be acquired.ResultsThe device is able to acquire and display B-scans at 17 fps. 3D images with a quasi-isotropic resolution of ∼1.5 μm (1.3, 1.9, and 1.1 μm in the x , y, and z directions, respectively) over a field of 940 μm × 600 μm × 350 μm (x × y × z) can be obtained. 3D imaging of human skin at cellular resolution, in vivo, is reported.ConclusionsThe acquisition rate of the B-scans, at 17 fps, is unprecedented in LC-OCT. Compared with the conventional LC-OCT devices based on a Linnik interferometer, the reported Mirau-based LC-OCT device can acquire B-scans ∼2 times faster. With potential advantages in terms of compactness and weight, a Mirau-based device could easily be integrated into a smaller and lighter handheld probe for use by dermatologists in their daily medical practice.

Dataset Information

High Resolution, Deep Imaging Using Confocal Time-of-Flight Diffuse Optical Tomography.

Publications

High Resolution, Deep Imaging Using Confocal Time-of-Flight Diffuse Optical Tomography.

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