Prostasin regulates PD-L1 expression in human lung cancer cells.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Chen LM
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8273379 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a membrane protein on tumor cells that binds to the PD-1 receptor expressed on immune cells, leading to the immune escape of tumor cells. Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a main effector of the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway, which plays important roles in cancer development. Here we show that YAP regulates PD-L1 expression in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. First, we investigated YAP and PD-L1 expression at the protein level in 142 NSCLC samples and 15 normal lung samples. In tumor tissue, immunohistochemistry showed positive staining for YAP and PD-L1, which correlated significantly (n = 142, r = 0.514, P < 0.001). Second, in cell lines that express high levels of PD-L1 (H460, SKLU-1, and H1299), the ratio of p-YAP/YAP was lower and GTIIC reporter activity of the Hippo pathway was higher than those in three cell lines expressing low levels of PD-L1 (A549, H2030, and PC9) (P < 0.05). Third, in the same three cell lines, inhibition of YAP by two small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) decreased the mRNA and protein level of PD-L1 (P < 0.05). Fourth, forced overexpression of the YAP gene rescued the PD-L1 mRNA and protein level after siRNA knockdown targeting 3'UTR of the endogenous YAP gene. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays using a YAP-specific monoclonal antibody resulted in the precipitation of PD-L1 enhancer region encompassing two putative TEAD binding sites. Our results indicate that YAP regulates the transcription of PD-L1 in NSCLC.
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Project description:Immunotherapies targeted against programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and its receptor (PD-1) have improved survival in a subset of patients with advanced lung cancer. PD-L1 protein expression has emerged as a biomarker that predicts which patients are more likely to respond to immunotherapy. The understanding of PD-L1 as a biomarker is complicated by the history of use of different immunohistochemistry platforms with different PD-L1 antibodies, scoring systems, and positivity cut-offs for immunotherapy clinical trials with different anti-PD-L1 and anti-PD-1 drugs. Herein, we summarize the brief history of PD-L1 as a biomarker and describe the challenges remaining to harmonize PD-L1 detection and interpretation for best patient care.
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Project description:Recent studies have pointed to the role of Krüpple-like factor 12 (KLF12) in cancer-associated processes, including cancer proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. However, the role of KLF12 in tumor immunity remains obscure. Here, we found that KLF12 expression was significantly higher in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells with higher programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. Additionally, a positive correlation between KLF12 and PD-L1 was observed in clinical patient tumor tissues. By chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis, KLF12 was identified to bind to the CACCC motif of the PD-L1 promoter. Overexpression of KLF12 promoted PD-L1 transcription, whereas silencing of KLF12 inhibited PD-L1 transcription. Furthermore, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1)- and STAT3-triggered PD-L1 transcription was abolished in the absence of KLF12, and KLF12 knockdown weakened the binding of STAT1 and STAT3 to the PD-L1 promoter. Mechanistically, KLF12 physically interacted with P300, a histone acetyltransferase. In addition, KLF12 silencing reduced P300 binding to the PD-L1 promoter, which subsequently caused decreased acetylation of histone H3. PD-L1 transcription driven by KLF12 overexpression was eliminated by EP300 silencing. In immunocompetent mice, KLF12 knockout inhibited tumor growth and promoted infiltration of CD8+ T cells. However, this phenomenon was not observed in immunodeficient mice. Overall, this study reveals KLF12-mediated transcriptional regulation of PD-L1 in NSCLC; targeting KLF12 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for NSCLC.
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Project description:BackgroundMany cancers evade immune surveillance by overexpressing PD-L1. PD-L1 interacted with its receptor PD-1, resulting in reduction of T cell proliferation and activation and thereafter cancer cell death mediated by T-lymphocyte. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate PD-L1 was of vital importance for immune checkpoint blockade therapy (ICBT).MethodsHuman non-small cell lung cancer cells and 293FT cells were used to investigate the function of USP22 upon PD-L1 and CSN5 by WB, Immunoprecipitation, Immunofluorescence and Flow cytometry analysis. B16-F10 cells were used to explore the role of USP22 on tumorigenesis and T cell cytotoxicity. The relationship between USP22 and PD-L1 expression was investigated by Immunohistochemistry analysis in human non-small cell lung cancer samples.ResultsOur data showed that USP22 interacted with PD-L1 and promoted its stability. USP22 deubiquitinated PD-L1 and inhibited its proteasome degradation. Moreover, USP22 also interacted with CSN5 and stabilized CSN5 through deubiquitination. Either USP22 or CSN5 could facilitate the interaction of PD-L1 with the other one. Furthermore, USP22 removed K6, K11, K27, K29, K33 and K63-linked ubiquitin chain of both CSN5 and PD-L1. In addition, USP22 depletion inhibited tumorigenesis and promoted T cell cytotoxicity. Besides, USP22 expression positively correlated with PD-L1 expression in human non-small cell lung cancer samples.ConclusionsHere, we suggested that USP22 is a new regulator for PD-L1. On the one hand, USP22 could directly regulate PD-L1 stability through deubiquitination. On the other hand, USP22 regulated PD-L1 protein level through USP22-CSN5-PD-L1 axis. In addition, USP22 depletion inhibited tumorigenesis and promoted T cell cytotoxicity. Besides, USP22 expression positively correlated with PD-L1 expression in human non-small cell lung cancer samples. Together, we identified a new regulator of PD-L1 and characterized the important role of USP22 in PD-L1 mediated immune evasion. Targeting USP22 might be a new solution to ICBT. Video abstract.
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Project description:Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) are immune checkpoint proteins expressed in T cells. Although CTLA4 expression was found in multiple tumours including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues and cells, its function in tumour cells is unknown. Recently, PD-1 was found to be expressed in melanoma cells and to promote tumorigenesis. We found that CTLA4 was expressed in a subset of NSCLC cell lines and in a subgroup of cancer cells within the lung cancer tissues. We further found that in NSCLC cells, anti-CTLA4 antibody can induce PD-L1 expression, which is mediated by CTLA4 and the EGFR pathway involving phosphorylation of MEK and ERK. In CTLA4 knockout cells, EGFR knockout cells or in the presence of an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, anti-CTLA4 antibody was not able to induce PD-L1 expression in NSCLC cells. Moreover, anti-CTLA4 antibody promoted NSCLC cell proliferation in vitro and tumour growth in vivo in the absence of adaptive immunity. These results suggest that tumour cell-intrinsic CTLA4 can regulate PD-L1 expression and cell proliferation, and that anti-CTLA4 antibody, by binding to the tumour cell-intrinsic CTLA4, may result in the activation of the EGFR pathway in cancer cells.
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Project description:Cancer immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Yet, only a small subset of patients will benefit from PD-1 or PD-L1 blockade. PD-L1 tumor cell expression is the only approved biomarker at present. Tumor mutational burden and other emerging biomarkers should improve patient selection. Combination therapy approaches with chemotherapy or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 blockade may increase the proportion of patients who benefit from immunotherapy. Although use of immunotherapy in lung cancers with targetable oncogenes has not been particularly successful, the benefit of PD-(L)1 inhibitors in early-stage disease is emerging. This review briefly describes the evolution of the clinical development and future directions of PD-(L)1 blockade in patients with lung cancers.
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Project description:Accumulating evidence suggests that exogenous cellular stress induces PD-L1 upregulation in cancer. A DNA double-strand break (DSB) is the most critical type of genotoxic stress, but the involvement of DSB repair in PD-L1 expression has not been investigated. Here we show that PD-L1 expression in cancer cells is upregulated in response to DSBs. This upregulation requires ATM/ATR/Chk1 kinases. Using an siRNA library targeting DSB repair genes, we discover that BRCA2 depletion enhances Chk1-dependent PD-L1 upregulation after X-rays or PARP inhibition. In addition, we show that Ku70/80 depletion substantially enhances PD-L1 upregulation after X-rays. The upregulation by Ku80 depletion requires Chk1 activation following DNA end-resection by Exonuclease 1. DSBs activate STAT1 and STAT3 signalling, and IRF1 is required for DSB-dependent PD-L1 upregulation. Thus, our findings reveal the involvement of DSB repair in PD-L1 expression and provide mechanistic insight into how PD-L1 expression is regulated after DSBs.
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Project description:In recent years, immunotherapy has revolutionized and changed the standard of care in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Immune checkpoint inhibitors, fundamentally those that act by blocking the programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) and its ligand the programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) have emerged as novel treatment strategies in NSCLC, demonstrating undoubted superiority over chemotherapy in terms of efficacy. Several of these immune checkpoint modulators have recently gained regulatory approval for the treatment of advanced NSCLC, such as nivolumab, atezolizumab and pembrolizumab in first-line (only the latter) and second-line settings, and more recently, durvalumab as maintenance after chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced disease. There is consensus that PD-L1 expression on tumor cells predicts responsiveness to PD-1 inhibitors in several tumor types. Hence PD-L1 expression evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is currently used as a clinical decision-making tool to support the use of checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC patients. However, the value of PD-L1 as the 'definitive' biomarker is controversial as its testing is puzzled by multiple unsolved issues such as the use of different staining platforms and antibodies, the type of cells in which PD-L1 is assessed (tumor versus immune cells), thresholds used for PD-L1-positivity, or the source and timing for sample collection. Therefore, newer biomarkers such as tumor mutation burden and neoantigens as well as biomarkers reflecting host environment (microbiome) or tumor inflamed microenvironment (gene expression signatures) are being explored as more reliable and accurate alternatives to IHC for guiding treatment selection with checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC.
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