Dataset Information

Evaluation of the Fecal Bacterial Communities of Angus Steers With Divergent Feed Efficiencies Across the Lifespan From Weaning to Slaughter.

ABSTRACT: Numerous studies have examined the link between the presence of specific gastrointestinal bacteria and the feed efficiency of cattle. However, cattle undergo dietary changes during their productive life which can cause fluctuations in their microbial consortium. The objective of the present study was to assess changes in the fecal microbiome of beef steers genetically selected to be divergent in feedlot feed efficiency, to determine whether differences in their fecal microbiomes could be detected as early as weaning, and continued throughout the rearing process regardless of dietary changes. Fecal samples were collected at weaning, yearling age, and slaughter for a group of 63 steers. Based on their feedlot-finishing performance, the steers were selected and divided into two groups according to their residual feed intake (RFI): efficient steers (low-RFI; n = 7) and inefficient steers (high-RFI; n = 8). To ascertain the fecal microbial consortium and volatile fatty acid (VFA) content, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and VFA analysis were performed. Overall, bacterial evenness and diversity were greater at weaning compared to yearling and slaughter for both efficiency groups (P < 0.001). Feedlot RFI linearly decreased as both Shannon diversity and Ruminococcaceae abundance increased (R ² = 65.6 and 60.7%, respectively). Abundances of Ruminococcaceae, Rikenellaceae, and Christensenellaceae were higher at weaning vs. yearling age and slaughter (P < 0.001); moreover, these families were consistently more abundant in the feces of the low-RFI steers (for most of the timepoints evaluated; P ≤ 0.05), compared to the high-RFI steers. Conversely, abundances of Bifidobacteriaceae were numerically higher in the feces of the high-RFI steers throughout their lifespan. Total VFA concentrations increased at slaughter compared to weaning and yearling for both efficiency groups (P < 0.001). The acetate:propionate ratio decreased linearly (P < 0.001) throughout the life of the steers regardless of their efficiency, reflective of dietary changes. Our results indicate that despite fluctuations due to animal age and dietary changes, specific bacterial families may be correlated with feed efficiency of steers. Furthermore, such differences may be identifiable at earlier stages of the production cycle, potentially as early as weaning.

SUBMITTER: Welch CB

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8275654 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Feed is the greatest cost of animal production, so reducing it is critical to increase producer profits. In ruminants, the microbial population within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is critical to nutrient digestion and absorption in both the rumen and the hindgut. The objective of this study was to determine the bacterial taxonomic profile of the rumen, cecum, and feces of feedlot steers at slaughter in order to link feed efficiency and the GIT bacterial populations from these three locations. Twenty commercial Angus steers were selected and divided into two groups according to their residual feed intake (RFI) classification determined during the feedlot-finishing period: high-RFI (n = 10) and low-RFI (n = 10). After the ruminal, cecal, and fecal samples were collected at slaughter, DNA extraction and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed on them to determine their bacterial composition. One-way ANOVA was performed on the animal performance data, alpha diversities, and bacterial abundances using RFI classification as the fixed effect. Overall, the ruminal bacterial population was the most different in terms of taxonomic profile compared with the cecal and fecal populations as revealed by beta diversity analysis (P < 0.001). Moreover, bacterial richness (Chao1) was greatest (P = 0.01) in the rumen of the high-RFI group compared with the low-RFI group. In contrast, bacterial richness and diversity in the intestinal environment showed that Chao1 was greater (P = 0.01) in the cecum, and the Shannon diversity index was greater in both the cecum and feces of low-RFI compared with high-RFI steers (P = 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Ruminococcaceae was more abundant in the low-RFI group in the cecum and feces (P = 0.01); fecal Bifidobacteriaceae was more abundant in high-RFI steers (P = 0.03). No correlations (P ≥ 0.13) between any ruminal bacterial family and RFI were detected; however, Ruminococcaceae, Mogibacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, and BS11 were negatively correlated with RFI (P < 0.05) in the cecum and feces. Succinivibrionaceae in the cecum was positively correlated with RFI (P = 0.05), and fecal Bifidobacteriaceae was positively correlated with RFI (P = 0.03). Results collectively indicate that in addition to the ruminal bacteria, the lower gut bacterial population has a significant impact on feed efficiency and nutrient utilization in feedlot steers; therefore, the intestinal bacteria should also be considered when examining the basis of ruminant feed efficiency.

Project description:Abstract Although residual feed intake (RFI) is a moderately heritable trait that can be used as a selection tool, little is known about gene pathways and networks that affect it. Angus steers (n=1,460) from 72 contemporary groups (RFI: -6.44 to 7.52 kg/d) were genotyped with Illumina BovineHD or BovineSNP50 BeadChip assays. Significant SNP (P<0.05), identified by a genome-wide association analysis on RFI, were used as proxies for each of the annotated genes in the UMD3.1 bovine reference genome assembly. A gene set enrichment analysis-SNP was performed to identify gene sets and leading edge genes (LEG) and a network analysis was conducted to identify upstream and master regulators influencing RFI. Three enriched gene sets (normalized enrichment score>3.0) related to energy production and efficiency of energy usage (cellular respiration, GO:0045333, 20 LEG; Reactome respiratory electron transport, R-HSA-611105, 12 LEG; respiratory chain, GO:0070469, 12 LEG) were identified, corroborating evidence from RFI studies with cattle and other species. Additional enriched gene sets were synaptic vesicle (GO:0008021, 16 LEG), cell-cell junction (GO:0005911, 55 LEG), and protein localization to plasma membrane (GO:0072659, 20 LEG). Mediator complex subunit 30 (MED30) and RPTOR independent companion of MTOR complex 2 (RICTOR) were the most significant (P<10-10) upstream regulators. Part of the Mediator complex, MED30 plays a key role in transcription regulation and mediates lipid biosynthesis while RICTOR is a component of the mTOR complex, which regulates mitochondrial metabolism. Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), part of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis that is essential for growth and metabolism and Ras homolog enriched in brain like 1 (RHEBL1), a gene that activates the mTOR complex in the brain, were the two most significant (P<10–14) master regulators. Gene set and pathway analyses suggest that biological processes related to energy metabolism and mitochondrial function play important roles in controlling RFI in cattle.

Project description:Variations in phenotypic expression of feed efficiency could be associated with differences or inefficiencies in mitochondria function due to its impact on energy expenditure. The aim of this study was to determine hepatic mitochondrial density and function in terms of respiration, gene and protein expression, and enzyme activity of mitochondrial respiratory complex proteins, in steers of divergent residual feed intake (RFI) phenotypes. Hereford steers (n = 111 and n = 122 for year 1 and 2, respectively) were evaluated in postweaning 70 d standard test for RFI. Forty-six steers exhibiting the greatest (n = 9 and 16 for year 1 and 2; high-RFI) and the lowest (n = 9 and 12 for year 1 and 2; low-RFI) RFI values were selected for this study. After the test, steers were managed together until slaughter under grazing conditions until they reached the slaughter body weight. At slaughter, hepatic samples (biopsies) were obtained. Tissue respiration was evaluated using high-resolution respirometry methods. Data were analyzed using a mixed model that included RFI group as fixed effect and slaughter date and year as a random effect using PROC MIXED of SAS. RFI and dry matter intake were different (P < 0.001) between low and high-RFI groups of year 1 and year 2. Basal respiration and maximum respiratory rate were greater (P ? 0.04) for low than high-RFI steers when complex II substrates (succinate) were supplied. However, when Complex I substrates (glutamate/malate) were used maximum respiratory capacity tended to be greater (P < 0.09) for low vs. high-RFI steers. Low-RFI steers presented greater mitochondria density markers (greater (P < 0.05) citrate synthase (CS) activity and tended (P ? 0.08) to have greater CS mRNA and mtDNA:nDNA ratio) than high-RFI steers. Hepatic expression SDHA, UQCRC1, and CYC1 mRNA was greater (P ? 0.02) and expression of NDUFA4, NDUFA13, SDHD, UQCRH, and ATP5E mRNA tended (P ? 0.10) to be greater in low than high-RFI steers. Hepatic SDHA protein expression tended (P < 0.08) to be greater while succinate dehydrogenase activity was greater (P = 0.04) and NADH dehydrogenase activity was greater (P = 0.03) for low than high-RFI steers. High-efficiency steers (low-RFI) probably had greater efficiency in hepatic nutrient metabolism, which was strongly associated with greater hepatic mitochondrial density and functioning, mainly of mitochondrial complex II.

Project description:Growing ruminants maintained under dietary restriction for extended periods will exhibit compensatory growth when reverted to ad libitum feeding. This period of compensatory growth is associated with increased feed efficiency, lower basal energy requirements, and changes in circulating concentrations of metabolic hormones. To identify genetic mechanisms contributing to these physiological changes, 8 month-old steers were fed either ad libitum (control; n = 6) or 60-70% of intake of control animals (feed-restricted; n=6) for a period of 12 weeks. All steers were then fed ad libitum for the remaining 8 weeks of the experiment (realimentation period). Liver was biopsied from each animal at days -14, +1 and +14 relative to realimentation for RNA extraction and gene expression analysis by microarray hybridization. Steers were assigned randomly to one of two treatment groups, control or feed-restricted, and housed indoors in individual pens. Steers were acclimated to their pens for 5 d prior to starting the experimental treatments. Feed was offered once daily between 0630 and 0930 and orts from the previous day's feeding were collected and weighed to estimate actual intake. Control animals were fed ad libitum throughout the 20-wk experimental period. Feed-restricted steers were offered 60-70% of intake of control animals for 12 wks to target a limited rate of gain of approximately 0.5 kg/d. Restricted steers were then fed ad libitum for the remaining 8 wks of the experiment (realimentation period). During the first 3 d of realimentation, feed offered to both treatment groups was divided into two equal rations to gradually adjust restricted animals to full intake. Water was offered ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Approximately 200 mg of liver tissue was collected from each steer by needle biopsy using a Tru-Cut biopsy needle at -14, +1, +14 d relative to realimentation. Liver samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80C until RNA isolation. Total RNA was isolated from 36 liver samples using TRIZOL Reagent (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, CA). Samples were DNase-treated using the TURBO DNA-free kit (Ambion, Inc., Austin, TX) according to manufacturerâ??s instructions, followed by column purification using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). Quality and concentration of RNA were assessed using a 2100 Bioanlayzer (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA) and ND-1000 spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies, Wilmington, DE). Probe labeling, hybridizations of probes to the oligo microarray, and array scanning were performed by the Roche NimbleGen Systems, Inc. Microarray Core Facility in Reykjavik, Iceland according to standard procedures (Madison, WI; http://www.nimblegen.com).

Project description:Simple Summary Replacement beef heifers represent the future of a herd for many cow-calf producers. Producers must invest significant resources into the development of these females as well as consider their maintenance and production costs as mature cows. As a result, selection focuses on replacement heifers that are more efficient in limited nutrition forage base systems. Producers can improve lifetime productivity by ensuring their replacements are of an ideal age and size to be bred as a 2-yr old. Selection criteria may include reproductive ability and breeding history, milk production, and weaning/yearling weights. The ability to select replacement females that are more efficient without negatively affecting overall productivity will help to decreased inputs and alleviate the need for additional expenses such as supplemental feed resources. Abstract This study evaluated heifer post-weaning voluntary feed intake (g/kg BW) classification on performance and reproductive measures, as well as impacts on lifetime productivity of 519 commercial Angus beef females. Heifer post-weaning voluntary feed intake (g/kg BW) was calculated over 80 test days following weaning using GrowSafe units. Heifers were categorized based on voluntary feed intake (g/kg BW) as either low (<−0.50 SD from the mean), average (±0.50 SD from the mean), or high (>0.50 SD from the mean) within year. Cow body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) at breeding displayed an age effect (p < 0.001), with 2- and 3-year-old cows having lighter BW and lower BCS than 4-yr-old and older cows. Cow BW at weaning showed significance for age and intake (p < 0.001) with younger cows being lighter than older cows, while low intake classified females had greater BW at weaning compared to average and high intake females. Additionally, calf 205-d weights and calf weaning weights (p < 0.01) were significant for age with calves born from older cows weighing more than younger cows. Weaning weight ratio displayed a linear increase with increasing intake classification (p < 0.01). Heifer yearling BW was significant for intake (p < 0.01) with low and average intake heifer classifications having greater heifer yearling BW than cows that had high intake classification as a heifer. Age and intake classification did not impact (p ≥ 0.22) pregnancy status or AI conception. In summary, heifer post-weaning feed intake classification had only minor impacts compared to age effects on lifetime productivity of Angus beef females.

Project description:Efficiency of feed utilization is important for animal production because it can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve industry profitability. However, the genetic basis of feed utilization in livestock remains poorly understood. Recent developments in molecular genetics, such as platforms for genome-wide genotyping and sequencing, provide an opportunity to identify genes and pathways that influence production traits. It is known that transcriptional networks influence feed efficiency-related traits such as growth and energy balance. This study sought to identify differentially expressed genes in animals genetically divergent for Residual Feed Intake (RFI), using RNA sequencing methodology (RNA-seq) to obtain information from genome-wide expression profiles in the liver tissues of Nelore cattle.Differential gene expression analysis between high Residual Feed Intake (HRFI, inefficient) and low Residual Feed Intake (LRFI, efficient) groups was performed to provide insights into the molecular mechanisms that underlie feed efficiency-related traits in beef cattle. A total of 112 annotated genes were identified as being differentially expressed between animals with divergent RFI phenotypes. These genes are involved in ion transport and metal ion binding; act as membrane or transmembrane proteins; and belong to gene clusters that are likely related to the transport and catalysis of molecules through the cell membrane and essential mechanisms of nutrient absorption. Genes with functions in cellular signaling, growth and proliferation, cell death and survival were also differentially expressed. Among the over-represented pathways were drug or xenobiotic metabolism, complement and coagulation cascades, NRF2-mediated oxidative stress, melatonin degradation and glutathione metabolism.Our data provide new insights and perspectives on the genetic basis of feed efficiency in cattle. Some previously identified mechanisms were supported and new pathways controlling feed efficiency in Nelore cattle were discovered. We potentially identified genes and pathways that play key roles in hepatic metabolic adaptations to oxidative stress such as those involved in antioxidant mechanisms. These results improve our understanding of the metabolic mechanisms underlying feed efficiency in beef cattle and will help develop strategies for selection towards the desired phenotype.

Dataset Information

Evaluation of the Fecal Bacterial Communities of Angus Steers With Divergent Feed Efficiencies Across the Lifespan From Weaning to Slaughter.

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