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Drought and Nitrogen Application Modulate the Morphological and Physiological Responses of Dalbergia odorifera to Different Niche Neighbors.

ABSTRACT: Mixed stands can be more productive if growth facilitation via niche segregation occurs. Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen, a tropical tree species endemic to Hainan Island with great economic values, belongs to the family Leguminosae. However, selecting mixed species with suitable ecological niches to efficiently construct mixed forests of D. odorifera in the context of abiotic stress [drought, nitrogen (N) deposition] remained obscure. In the present study, the target plant D. odorifera was planted with the same species D. odorifera, heterogeneous but the same family Delonix regia and non-Leguminous Family Swietenia mahagoni in the root interaction and isolated models under two watering regimes [100% and 30% field capacity (FC)] and two N applications (application, non-application), respectively. Principle component analysis based on the performances of growth, phenotype, and physiology was performed to identify the main factors affected by the treatments and the most discriminatory effects of water, N level, and species interaction models. Both comprehensive evaluation values and comprehensive index values were calculated to evaluate the influences of different niche neighbors on D. odorifera. Results showed that D. odorifera was benefited from S. mahagoni but inhibited from D. odorifera in all treatments under root system interaction. Drought stress aggravated the inhibitory effects on D. odorifera from D. odorifera. N application stimulated the promoted effects on D. odorifera from S. mahagoni but enhanced competition intensity of D. odorifera from D. regia under the 100% FC condition. N application alleviated the inhibitory effect of drought stress on D. odorifera from D. odorifera and S. mahagoni. Furthermore, the responses of D. odorifera to different niche neighbors were dominated by belowground interaction rather than the negligible aboveground one. Therefore, the feasibility of niche segregation as the criterion for selecting neighbors to construct D. odorifera mixed stands was confirmed. In addition, water level and N application could alter responses of D. odorifera to different niche neighbors under the root system interaction. Appropriate N application could alleviate the inhibitory effect of drought stress on D. odorifera in its mixed forests. A mixture with S. mahagoni under appropriate N application could be the optimal planting model.

SUBMITTER: Xiang LS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8283204 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundDalbergia odorifera is a precious tree species with unique economic and medicinal values, which is difficult to distinguish from Dalbergia tonkinensis by traditional identification methods such as morphological characteristics and wood structure characteristics. It has been demonstrated that the identification of tree species can be effectively achieved using DNA barcoding, but there is a lack of study of the combined sequences used as DNA barcodes in the two tree species. In this study, 10 single sequences and 4 combined sequences were selected for analysis, and the identification effect of each sequence was evaluated by the distance-based method, BLAST-based search, character-based method, and tree-based method.ResultsAmong the single sequences and the combined sequences, the interspecies distance of trnH-psbA and ITS2 + trnH-psbA was greater than the intraspecies distance, and there was no overlap in their frequency distribution plots. The results of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for the interspecies distance of each sequence showed that the interspecies differences of the single sequences except trnL-trnF, trnH-psbA, and ycf3 were significantly smaller than those of the combined sequences. The results of BLAST analysis showed that trnH-psbA could accurately identify D. odorifera and D. tonkinensis at the species level. In the character-based method, single sequences of trnL-trnF, trnH-psbA with all the combined sequences can be used for the identification of D. odorifera and D. tonkinensis. In addition, the neighbor-joining (NJ) trees constructed based on trnH-psbA and ITS2 + trnH-psbA were able to cluster D. odorifera and D. tonkinensis on two clades.ConclusionsThe results showed that the character-based method with the BLOG algorithm was the most effective among all the evaluation methods, and the combined sequences can improve the ability to identify tree species compared with single sequences. Finally, the trnH-psbA and ITS2 + trnH-psbA were proposed as DNA barcodes to identify D. odorifera and D. tonkinensis.

Project description:Salinity is one of the most serious factors limiting plant growth which can provoke significant losses in agricultural crop production, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. This study aimed to investigate whether melatonin (MT; 0.05 and 0.1 mM), which has pleiotropic roles, has a better effect than glycine betaine (GB; 10 and 50 mM) on providing salt tolerance in a woody plant Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen. Also, the alternative oxidase activity (AOX) in plant subjected to MT or GB under salinity (150 and 250 mM) was evaluated given that the effect of exogenous MT or GB on AOX has not been reported yet. The results showed that the exogenous application of GB on the seedlings of D. odorifera increased the plant growth parameters, relative water content, total of chlorophyll content, and carotenoid content compared with well-watered and MT treatments. Under severe salinity, the seedlings subjected to GB showed, a significant enhancement in water use efficiency, transpiration, and net photosynthetic rate regardless to MT-treated seedlings. The levels of proline and soluble sugar in the seedlings treated with MT or GB decreased significantly under mild and severe salinity correlated with those in salt-stressed seedlings. Furthermore, GB-treated plants exhibited a significant inhibition of malondialdehyde content compared with MT-treated plants. The concentration of thiols and phenolic compounds were significantly enhanced in the leaves of seedlings treated with MT compared with those treated with GB. Under salt stress condition, GB scavenged significantly higher levels of hydrogen peroxide than MT; while under severe salinity, plants subjected to MT showed better scavenging ability for hydroxyl radicals compared with GB-treated seedlings. The results demonstrated also an enhancement of the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase, and AOX activities in seedlings treated with GB or MT compared with salt-stressed plants. The catalase activity (CAT) was increased by 0.05 mM MT and 0.1 mM GB under mild salinity. Meanwhile, the AOX activity under severe salinity was enhanced only by GB 50 mM. The findings of this study suggested that GB-treated seedlings possessed a better salt tolerance in comparison with MT-treated seedlings.

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Drought and Nitrogen Application Modulate the Morphological and Physiological Responses of Dalbergia odorifera to Different Niche Neighbors.

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