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Impacts of Sodium Arsenite on Wood Microbiota of Esca-Diseased Grapevines.

ABSTRACT: Although sodium arsenite was widely used in Europe until its ban in 2003, its effects on microorganisms is not clearly understood. To improve our understanding of sodium arsenite curative effect on GTDs, grapevines displaying esca-foliar symptoms from different French regions (Alsace, Champagne, Languedoc) were treated or not with sodium arsenite, and analyzed for their wood microbiota. Using metabarcoding, we identified the fungal and bacterial taxa composition of microbiota colonizing woody trunk tissues. Large differences in fungal microbiota composition between treated and untreated grapevines were observed while no major impacts were observed on bacteria microbiota. The main fungal species detected in untreated necrotic woody tissues was Fomitiporia mediterranea (63-94%), a fungal pathogen associated with esca. The relative abundance of this fungal species significantly decreased after sodium arsenite treatment in the three vineyards, in particular in white-rot necrotic tissues and their borders (-90%). F. mediterranea was the most sensitive to sodium arsenite among fungi from grapevine woody tissues. These results strongly suggest that the effect of sodium arsenite on GTDs is due to its ability to efficiently and almost specifically eliminate F. mediterranea from white-rot necrotic tissues, allowing saprobic fungi to colonize the tissues previously occupied by this pathogenic fungus.

SUBMITTER: Bruez E

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8304700 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Esca is a Grapevine Trunk Disease (GTD) caused by a broad range of taxonomically unrelated fungal pathogens. These attack grapevine wood tissues inducing necroses even in the conductive vascular tissues, thus affecting the vine physiology and potentially leading to plant death. However, the influence of Esca on leaf and whole-plant water transport disruption remains poorly understood. In this paper, a detailed analysis of xylem-related physiological parameters in grapevines that expressed Esca-foliar symptoms was carried out. The experiments were conducted in a vineyard in the Bordeaux region (France) on cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines, which were monitored for Esca-foliar symptoms over a two-year period. Heat dissipation sap-flow sensors were installed during the summer on grapevines having expressed or not Esca-foliar symptoms. Leaf water potential, stomatal conductance and leaf transpiration were also measured. Physiological monitoring showed that sap flow density and whole-plant transpiration of Esca-infected grapevines decreased significantly a week before the first foliar symptoms appeared. When atmospheric water demand (Vapour Pressure Deficit, VPD) was the highest, both parameters tended to be about twice as low in symptomatic grapevines as in asymptomatic ones. Sap flow density data at the maximum transpiration-time, was systematically 29-30% lower in Esca-infected grapevines compared to control plants before or after the appearance of Esca-foliar symptoms. This trend was observed whatever the temperatures and VPD values measured. In Esca-diseased plants, larger amounts of necrotic wood, mainly white rot, were found in the trunk and cordon of symptomatic grapevines compared to healthy ones, suggesting necroses have an influence in reducing the whole-plant hydraulic capacity. This study reveals that the use of physiological monitoring methods, together with the visual monitoring of foliar symptoms, could prove useful in providing accurate measurements of Esca disease severity.

Project description:Leaf samples were obtained from Vitis vinifera 'Malvasia Fina' plants with well-characterized esca complex disease symptoms (n = 18) and from healthy uninfected plants (n = 6). Leaves from diseased plants were divided into three groups: asymptomatic (ASY), chlorotic (SY1), and scorched leaves (SY2). The metabolic profile of these leaves was then examined using an ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography system coupled to a Q-Exactive Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap high resolution/accurate mass spectrometer interfaced with a heated electrospray ionization source. The number of small molecules measured in a sample was increased by varying the reconstitution solvent, chromatographic column, and ionization source. Data on accurate masses, peak areas, and relative levels of several metabolites were documented for each leaf sample, using the abovementioned approach. In this paper, data on 235 metabolites of known structural identity are reported, along with the biochemical pathways to which the metabolites belong. The remaining data related to lipid species and with a different focus of the research question are reported elsewhere. The broad coverage of metabolites reported here resulted in a greater coverage of the biochemical pathways involved in grapevine metabolism, which could provide a better understanding of the biochemical changes occurring during the onset and progression of foliar symptoms after invasion of woods by esca-associated pathogens. To determine which metabolites varied according to the study design, the detected ion features were processed using different statistical methods, including mean and median values, fold changes, Welch's two-sample t-test, false discovery rate, and quartiles represented by box and whisker plots. The goal of this statistical evaluation was to assess the responses of healthy, asymptomatic, and symptomatic leaf groups using a pairwise comparison, thus providing an opportunity for detecting statistically significant compounds and uncovering the dynamic metabolic models underlying disease latency and symptom expression.

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Impacts of Sodium Arsenite on Wood Microbiota of Esca-Diseased Grapevines.

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