Dataset Information

Design and Performance Characterization of a Novel, Smartphone-Based, Portable Digital Slit Lamp for Anterior Segment Screening Using Telemedicine.

ABSTRACT:

Purpose

Telemedicine-enabled, portable digital slit lamps can help to decentralize screening to close-to-patient contexts. We report a novel design for a portable, digital slit lamp using a smartphone. It works on an advanced optical design and has the capability of instantaneous, objective photodocumentation to capture anterior segment images and is telemedicine-enabled.

Methods

The device is constructed keeping its usability and the importance of design ergonomics for nonspecialized field personnel in mind. The optical design is described, and the resolution and magnification are compared with traditional desktop-based slit lamps. A Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-compliant, patient management software is integrated to synchronize the captured images with a secure cloud server along with a sharpness algorithm to extract the best focused frames of the cornea, iris, and lens, from videos. We demonstrate its photodocumentation ability and teleophthalmology feasibility by capturing images in a pilot study from nine subjects.

Results

Images were obtained in various illumination, magnification, and filter settings. Synchronous and asynchronous teleophthalmology consults were conducted. The performance of the device was shown to be limited by the smartphone sensor resolution and not the optical design, because the Air Force target resolution was found to be the same on smartphone-mounted traditional slit lamps despite a lower magnification.

Conclusions

The novel, portable, digital slit lamp with advanced optical design using smartphones has the ability to screen for anterior segment pathologies using telemedicine.

Translational relevance

A portable, telemedicine-friendly, ergonomically designed, slit lamp used by nonspecialist personnel allows for both synchronous and asynchronous modes of consultation at remote locations, facilitating mass screening programs.

SUBMITTER: Dutt S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8322723 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

ACCESS DATA

Similar Datasets

Project description:PurposeTo assess the usability and image quality of a smartphone adapter for direct slit lamp imaging.MethodsA single-center, prospective, clinical study conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology at the University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland. The smartphone group consisted of 26 medical staff (consultants, residents, and students). The control group consisted of one ophthalmic photographer. Both groups took images of the anterior and the posterior eye segment of the same proband. The control group used professional photography equipment. The participant group used an Apple iPhone 11 mounted on a slit lamp via a removable SlitREC smartphone adapter (Custom Surgical GmbH, Munich, Germany). The image quality was graded independently by two blinded ophthalmologists on a scale from 0 (low) to 10 (high quality). Images with a score ≥ 7.0/10 were considered as good as the reference images. The acquisition time was measured. A questionnaire on usability and experience in smartphone and slit lamp use was taken by all of the participants.ResultsEach participant had three attempts at the same task. The overall smartphone quality was 7.2/10 for the anterior and 6.4/10 for the posterior segment. The subjectively perceived difficulty decreased significantly over the course of three attempts (Kendall's W). Image quality increased as well but did not improve significantly from take 1 to take 3. However, the image quality of the posterior segment was significantly, positively correlated (Spearman's Rho) with work experience. The mean acquisition time for anterior segment imaging was faster in the smartphone group compared to the control group (156 vs. 206 s). It was vice versa for the posterior segment (180 vs. 151 s).ConclusionSlit lamp imaging with the presented smartphone adapter provides high-quality imaging of the anterior segment. Posterior segment imaging remains challenging in terms of image quality. The adapter constitutes a cost-effective, portable, easy-to-use solution for recording ophthalmic photos and videos. It can facilitate clinical documentation and communication among colleagues and with the patient especially outside normal consultation hours. Direct slit lamp imaging allows for time to be saved and increases the independence of ophthalmologists in terms of patient mobility and the availability of photographic staff.

Project description:PurposeTo develop a deep learning (DL) algorithm for predicting anterior chamber depth (ACD) from smartphone-acquired anterior segment photographs.MethodsFor algorithm development, we included 4,157 eyes from 2,084 Chinese primary school students (aged 11-15 years) from Mojiang Myopia Progression Study (MMPS). All participants had with ACD measurement measured with Lenstar (LS 900) and anterior segment photographs acquired from a smartphone (iPhone Xs), which was mounted on slit lamp and under diffuses lighting. The anterior segment photographs were randomly selected by person into training (80%, no. of eyes = 3,326) and testing (20%, no. of eyes = 831) dataset. We excluded participants with intraocular surgery history or pronounced corneal haze. A convolutional neural network was developed to predict ACD based on these anterior segment photographs. To determine the accuracy of our algorithm, we measured the mean absolute error (MAE) and coefficient of determination (R 2) were evaluated. Bland Altman plot was used to illustrate the agreement between DL-predicted and measured ACD values.ResultsIn the test set of 831 eyes, the mean measured ACD was 3.06 ± 0.25 mm, and the mean DL-predicted ACD was 3.10 ± 0.20 mm. The MAE was 0.16 ± 0.13 mm, and R 2 was 0.40 between the predicted and measured ACD. The overall mean difference was -0.04 ± 0.20 mm, with 95% limits of agreement ranging between -0.43 and 0.34 mm. The generated saliency maps showed that the algorithm mainly utilized central corneal region (i.e., the site where ACD is clinically measured typically) in making its prediction, providing further plausibility to the algorithm's prediction.ConclusionsWe developed a DL algorithm to estimate ACD based on smartphone-acquired anterior segment photographs. Upon further validation, our algorithm may be further refined for use as a ACD screening tool in rural localities where means of assessing ocular biometry is not readily available. This is particularly important in China where the risk of primary angle closure disease is high and often undetected.