IL-25-induced shifts in macrophage polarization promote development of beige fat and improve metabolic homeostasis in mice.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Li L
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8341513 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:OBJECTIVE:Obesity is a complex chronic disease of high prevalence worldwide. Multiple factors play integral roles in obesity development, with rising interest focusing on the contribution of environmental pollutants frequent in modern society. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used for bactericidal purpose in various applications in daily life. However, their potential toxicity and contribution to the obesity epidemic are not clear. METHODS:Beige adipocytes are newly discovered adipocytes characterized by high thermogenic and energy dissipating capacity upon activation and the "browning" process. In the present study, we assess the impact of AgNPs exposure on beige adipocytes differentiation and functionality both in vitro and in vivo. We also systematically investigate the influence of AgNPs on adiposity and metabolic performance in mice, as well as the possible underlying molecular mechanism. RESULTS:The results showed that, independent of particle size, AgNPs inhibit the adipogenic, mitochondrial, and thermogenic gene programs of beige adipocytes, thus suppressing their differentiation ability, mitochondrial activity, and thermogenic response. Importantly, exposure to AgNPs in mice suppresses browning gene programs in subcutaneous fat, leading to decreased energy expenditure and increased adiposity in mice. Mechanistically, we found that AgNPs increase reactive oxidative species (ROS) levels and specifically activate MAPK-ERK signaling in beige adipocytes. The negative impacts of AgNPs on beige adipocytes can be ameliorated by antioxidant or ERK inhibitor FR180204 treatment. CONCLUSIONS:Taken together, these results revealed an unexpected role of AgNPs in promoting adiposity through the inhibition of beige adipocyte differentiation and functionality, possibly by disrupting ROS homeostasis and ERK phosphorylation. Future assessments on the health risk of AgNPs applications and their safe dosages are warranted.
| S-EPMC6437600 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundSevere asthma is associated with substantial mortality and has unmet therapeutic need. A subset of severe asthma is characterized by neutrophilic airway inflammation. Classically activated (or M1) macrophages which express IL-12 and IL-23 are associated with airway neutrophilia in asthma. Exogenous IL-25 was reported to suppress intestinal inflammation in animal models of inflammatory bowel diseases via suppressing IL-12 and IL-23 production. We hypothesize that IL-25 ameliorates airway neutrophilia via inhibiting macrophage M1 polarization and the expression of IL-12 and IL-23 in asthma.MethodsIn a mouse model of neutrophil-dominant allergic airway inflammation, the effect of mouse recombinant IL-25 on airway inflammation were assessed by H&E staining and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell counting. The percentage of M1 macrophages in lung tissue and BAL cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Quantitative PCR and immunostaining were performed to measure the expression of Il12, Il23, and inflammatory cytokines. Mechanistic experiments were performed in primary culture of macrophages from mouse lungs. The expression of IL-12, IL-23 and IL-25 in sputum was analyzed in a cohort of severe asthma and subjects with eosinophilic or non-eosinophilic asthma.ResultsIntranasal administration of IL-25 markedly decreased the number of neutrophils in BAL cells in a murine model of neutrophil-dominant allergic airway inflammation. Moreover, exogenous IL-25 decreased the number of M1 macrophages, and reduced the expression of IL-12, IL-23 in the lungs of the mouse model. Exogenous IL-25 also inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-17 A. In vitro, IL-25 suppressed IL-12 and IL-23 expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated primary culture of mouse pulmonary macrophages. Mechanistically, IL-25 inhibited LPS-induced c-Rel translocation to nucleus via STAT3-dependent signaling. In a cohort of severe asthma, IL-25 protein levels in sputum were significantly lower than control subjects. The transcript levels of IL-12 and IL-23 were increased whereas IL-25 transcripts were decreased in sputum cells from subjects with non-eosinophilic asthma compared to eosinophilic asthma.ConclusionsIL-25 expression is downregulated in subjects with severe or non-eosinophilic asthma. Exogenous IL-25 ameliorates airway neutrophilia, at least in part, via inhibiting macrophage M1 polarization and the expression of IL-12 and IL-23.
| S-EPMC10613395 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Gene delivery from biomaterials can create an environment that promotes and guides tissue formation. However, the immune response induced upon biomaterial implantation can be detrimental to tissue regeneration. Macrophages play a central role in mediating early phases of this response, and functional "polarization" of macrophages towards M1 (inflammatory) or M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotypes may bias the local immune state at the implant site. Since gene delivery from biomaterial scaffolds can confer transgene expression in macrophages in vivo, we investigated whether transduction of macrophages with an IL-10 encoding lentivirus can (1) induce macrophage polarization toward an M2 phenotype even in an pro-inflammatory environment, and (2) prevent a shift in polarization from M2 to M1 following exposure to pro-inflammatory stimuli. IL-10 lentivirus delivery to pre-polarized M1 macrophages reduced TNF-? production 1.5-fold when compared to cells treated with either a control virus or a bolus delivery of recombinant IL-10 protein. IL-10 lentivirus delivery to naïve macrophages reduced the amount of TNF-? produced following an inflammatory challenge by 2.5-fold compared to cells treated with both the control virus and recombinant IL-10. At a mechanistic level, IL-10 lentivirus delivery mediated sustained reduction in NF-?B activation and, accordingly, reduced transcription of TNF-?. In sum, lentiviral delivery of IL-10 to macrophages represents a promising strategy for directing and sustaining macrophage polarization towards an M2 phenotype in order to promote local immune responses that facilitate tissue engineering.
| S-EPMC4232188 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Obesity and associated metabolic diseases are characterized by a chronic low-grade inflammatory state with the infiltration of many inflammatory cells, especially macrophages. Immune molecules, including some cytokines, have a close relationship with metabolism. Interleukin (IL)-25 is a member of the IL-17 cytokine family that can regulate macrophages and alleviate some metabolic dysfunction; however, its role and mechanisms in lipid metabolism remain to be extensively clarified. Human serum and liver biopsy specimens, high-fat diet-induced obesity mice and DB/DB (Lepr-/-) animal models were used to examine IL-25 expression in obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD). To observe the role of IL-25 in lipid metabolism, model mice were administered with IL-25 or adoptively transferred with IL-25-educated macrophages in vivo, whereas bone marrow-derived macrophages, the macrophage cell line RAW264.7 and adipocytes differentiated from 3T3-L1 were used in vitro. IL-25 was decreased in NAFLD patients and obese mice. In addition, IL-25 reduced body weight gain and lipid accumulation, enhanced lipid uptake by macrophages and increased the expression of lipolysis and ?-oxidation enzymes via alternatively activating macrophages. IL-25 also promoted lipolysis and suppressed lipogenesis in adipocytes co-cultured with the IL-25-educated macrophages. Furthermore, IL-25 improved the mitochondrial respiratory capacity and oxygen consumption rate of macrophages and produced more NAD+/NADH and ATP. In conclusion, IL-25 can stimulate M2 macrophage polarization and thereby promote lipolysis and mitochondrial respiratory capacity, highlighting the potential for IL-25 to be used as a therapeutic agent against obesity and associated metabolic syndromes.
| S-EPMC6068125 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) oxidation has been shown to play an important role in interleukin-4 (IL-4)-mediated macrophage polarization (M(IL-4)). However, many of these conclusions are based on the inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 with high concentrations of etomoxir that far exceed what is required to inhibit enzyme activity (EC90 < 3 μM). We employ genetic and pharmacologic models to demonstrate that LCFA oxidation is largely dispensable for IL-4-driven polarization. Unexpectedly, high concentrations of etomoxir retained the ability to disrupt M(IL-4) polarization in the absence of Cpt1a or Cpt2 expression. Although excess etomoxir inhibits the adenine nucleotide translocase, oxidative phosphorylation is surprisingly dispensable for M(IL-4). Instead, the block in polarization was traced to depletion of intracellular free coenzyme A (CoA), likely resulting from conversion of the pro-drug etomoxir into active etomoxiryl CoA. These studies help explain the effect(s) of excess etomoxir on immune cells and reveal an unappreciated role for CoA metabolism in macrophage polarization.
| S-EPMC6125190 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The experiments were done using an Orbitrap Fusion or an Orbitrap Fusion Lumos mass spectrometer. Multiplexing was achieved using either TMT10 or TMT11 reagents and the SPS-MS3 method. Basic pH reversed-phase chromatography (bRPLC) was used for off-line pre-fractionation; 12 fractions were analyzed for proteome mappings (PMID: 26700037) and 24 fractions plus a phosphotyrosine-enriched sample for phosphoproteome mappings (PMID: 31606085). Phosphoproteome mappings were done using both HCD fragmentation with Orbitrap fragment ion detection and CID fragmentation with ion trap fragment ion detection (PMID: 29487189, PMID: 31606085). If multiple TMT sets were required to analyze all samples from an experiment two bridge channels pooled from all samples was used to connect the data from the individual TMT sets (PMID: 28892078).
Five proteomics experiments are described in the paper:
(i) 1. Quantitative proteomics of fully polarized macrophages after 4 days of treatment with IL4 or IFNgamma/LPS to determine global proteome landscape of fully polarized THP-1-derived M1-type versus M2a-type macrophages:
Proteome mapping on Orbitrap Fusion (one TMT set)
RAW files: Marneros_4DayTreatment_proteome_fraction01 to ...fraction12
8 samples
Labeling: PMA.1 (126), PMA.2 (127n), IL4.1 (127c), IL4.2 (128n), ILJQ1.1 (128c), ILJQ1.2 (129n), IFNgamma.1 (129c), IFNgamma.2 (130n)
(ii) Time-course quantitative proteomics during the first 24 hours after induction of macrophage polarization in THP-1-derived macrophages to identify protein changes associated with M1-type (IFNgamma/LPS-induced) versus M2a-type (IL-4-induced) polarization:
Proteome mapping on Orbitrap Fusion (three TMT sets: set01, set02, set03)
RAW files:
Marneros_timecourse_proteome_TMTset01_fraction01 to ...fraction12
Marneros_timecourse_proteome_TMTset02_fraction01 to ...fraction12
Marneros_timecourse_proteome_TMTset03_fraction01 to ...fraction12
22 samples
Labeling:
set01; bridge 1 (126), PMA 0min (127n), PMA 10min (127c), PMA 30min (128n), PMA 1h (128c), PMA 2h (129n), PMA 4h (129c), PMA 8h (130n), PMA 24h (130c), bridge 2 (131n)
set02; bridge 1 (126), IL4 10min (127n), IL4 30min (127c), IL4 1h (128n), IL4 2h (128c), IL4 4h (129n), IL4 8h (129c), IL4 24h (130n), IFN 10min (130c), bridge 2 (131n)
set03; bridge 1 (126), IFN 30min (127n), IFN 1h (127c), IFN 2h (128n), IFN 4h (128c), IFN 8h (129n), IFN 24h (129c), bridge 2 (131n)
(iii) Time-course quantitative phosphoproteomics during the first 24 hours after induction of macrophage polarization in THP-1-derived macrophages to identify phosphorylation events associated with M1-type (IFNgamma/LPS-induced) versus M2a-type (IL-4-induced) polarization (same time points as in group 2):
Phosphoproteome mapping on Orbitrap Fusion (three TMT sets: set01, set02, set03)
RAW files:
Marneros_timecourse_phospho_TMTset01_fraction01 to ...fraction06, ...fraction08 to ...fraction24, ...pY
Marneros_timecourse_phospho_TMTset02_fraction01 to ...fraction12, ...fraction16 to ...fraction24, ...pY
Marneros_timecourse_phospho_TMTset03_fraction01 to ...fraction24, ...pY
The following RAW files gave no phosphopeptide quantifications (they are no included in the group of provided RAW files): set01_fraction07, set02_fraction13, set02_fraction14, set02_fraction15.
22 samples
Labeling: as in (ii)
(iv) Quantitative proteomics to assess the effects of the B-Raf inhibitor GDC-0879 or of the MEK inhibitor trametinib on IL-4-induced M2-type polarization and IFNgamma/LPS-induced M1-type polarization on THP-1-derived macrophages after 24 hours of treatment:
Proteome mapping on Orbitrap Fusion (one TMT set)
RAW files: Marneros_BRAF_inhibitor_proteine_fraction01 to ...fraction12
11 samples
Labeling: IL4 1 (131c), IL4 2 (127n), IL4+GDC 1 (131n), IL4+GDC 2 (128n), IL4+TRAM 1 (130c), IL4+TRAM 2 (129n), IFNgamma+LPS 1 (130n), IFNgamma+LPS 2 (127c), IFNgamma+LPS+TRAM 1 (126), IFNgamma+LPS+TRAM 2(129c), IFNgamma+LPS+GDC (128c)
(v) Quantitative phosphoproteomics to assess the effects of the B-Raf inhibitor GDC-0879 on IL-4-induced M2-type polarization and IFNgamma/LPS-induced M1-type polarization on THP-1-derived macrophages after 24 hours of treatment:
Phosphoproteome mapping on Orbitrap Fusion Lumos (one TMT set)
RAW files: Marneros_BRAF_inhibitor_phospho_fraction01 to ...fraction24, ...pY
7 samples
Labeling: IL4 1 (131c), IL4 2 (127n), IL4+GDC 1 (130n), IL4+GDC 2 (128n), IFNgamma+LPS 1 (128c), IFNgamma+LPS 2 (127c), IFNgamma+LPS+GDC (130c)
2019-12-10 | MSV000084672 | MassIVE
Project description:Activation of energy expenditure in thermogenic fat is a promising strategy to improve metabolic health, yet the dynamic processes that evoke this response are poorly understood. Here we show that synthesis of the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin is indispensable for stimulating and sustaining thermogenic fat function. Cardiolipin biosynthesis is robustly induced in brown and beige adipose upon cold exposure. Mimicking this response through overexpression of cardiolipin synthase (Crls1) enhances energy consumption in mouse and human adipocytes. Crls1 deficiency in thermogenic adipocytes diminishes inducible mitochondrial uncoupling and elicits a nuclear transcriptional response through endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated retrograde communication. Cardiolipin depletion in brown and beige fat abolishes adipose thermogenesis and glucose uptake, which renders animals insulin resistant. We further identify a rare human CRLS1 variant associated with insulin resistance and show that adipose CRLS1 levels positively correlate with insulin sensitivity. Thus, adipose cardiolipin has a powerful impact on organismal energy homeostasis through thermogenic fat bioenergetics.
| S-EPMC6038052 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Macrophage responses contribute to a diverse array of pathologies ranging from infectious disease to sterile inflammation. Polarization of macrophages determines their cellular function within biological processes. Lipin-1 is a phosphatidic acid phosphatase in which its enzymatic activity contributes to macrophage pro-inflammatory responses. Lipin-1 also possesses transcriptional co-regulator activity and whether this activity is required for macrophage polarization is unknown. Using mice that lack only lipin-1 enzymatic activity or both enzymatic and transcriptional coregulator activities from myeloid cells, we investigated the contribution of lipin-1 transcriptional co-regulator function toward macrophage wound healing polarization. Macrophages lacking both lipin-1 activities did not elicit IL-4 mediated gene expression to levels seen in either wild-type or lipin-1 enzymatically deficient macrophages. Furthermore, mice lacking myeloid-associated lipin-1 have impaired full thickness excisional wound healing compared to wild-type mice or mice only lacking lipin-1 enzymatic activity from myeloid cell. Our study provides evidence that lipin-1 transcriptional co-regulatory activity contributes to macrophage polarization and influences wound healing in vivo.
| S-EPMC7214697 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Macrophages are key participants in melanoma growth and survival. In general, macrophages can be classified as M1 or M2 activation phenotypes. Increasing evidence demonstrates that melanoma exosomes also facilitate tumor survival and metastasis. However, the role of melanoma exosomes in directly influencing macrophage function is poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the hypothesis that natural melanoma exosomes might directly influence macrophage polarization. To explore this hypothesis, ELISA, RT-qPCR, and macrophage functional studies were performed in vitro using an established source of melanoma exosomes (B16-F10). ELISA results for melanoma exosome induction of common M1 and M2 cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages, revealed that melanoma exosomes do not polarize macrophages exclusively in the M1 or M2 direction. Melanoma exosomes induced the M1 and M2 representative cytokines TNF-? and IL-10 respectively. Further assessment, using an RT-qPCR array with RAW 264.7 and primary macrophages, confirmed and extended the ELISA findings. Upregulation of markers common to both M1 and M2 polarization phenotypes included CCL22, IL-12B, IL-1?, IL-6, i-NOS, and TNF-?. The M2 cytokine TGF-? was upregulated in primary but not RAW 264.7 macrophages. Pro-tumor functions have been attributed to each of these markers. Macrophage functional assays demonstrated a trend toward increased i-NOS (M1) to arginase (M2) activity. Collectively, the results provide the first evidence that melanoma exosomes can induce a mixed M1 and M2 pro-tumor macrophage activation phenotype.
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Project description:Cellular cross-talk within the tumor microenvironment (TME) by exosomes is known to promote tumor progression. Tumor promoting macrophages with an M2 phenotype are suppressors of anti-tumor immunity. However, the impact of tumor-derived exosomes in modulating macrophage polarization in the lung TME is largely unknown. Herein, we investigated if lung tumor-derived exosomes alter transcriptional and bioenergetic signatures of M0 macrophages and polarize them to an M2 phenotype. The concentration of exosomes produced by p53 null H358 lung tumor cells was significantly reduced compared to A549 (p53 wild-type) lung tumor cells, consistent with p53-mediated regulation of exosome production. In co-culture studies, M0 macrophages internalized tumor-derived exosomes, and differentiated into M2 phenotype. Importantly, we demonstrate that tumor-derived exosomes enhance the oxygen consumption rate of macrophages, altering their bioenergetic state consistent with that of M2 macrophages. In vitro co-cultures of M0 macrophages with H358 exosomes demonstrated that exosome-induced M2 polarization may be p53 independent. Murine bone marrow cells and bone marrow-derived myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) co-cultured with lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)-derived exosomes differentiated to M2 macrophages. Collectively, these studies provide evidence for a novel role for lung tumor-exosomes in M2 macrophage polarization, which then offers new therapeutic targets for immunotherapy of lung cancer.
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