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Near-Infrared Reflectance Imaging in Retinal Diseases Affecting Young Patients.

ABSTRACT: Near-infrared reflectance (NIR) is a noninvasive, contactless, and rapid in vivo imaging technique for visualizing subretinal alterations in the photoreceptor layer, retinal pigment epithelium, and choroid. The present report describes the application of this imaging method in retinal and choroidal pathologies affecting young patients where scarce cooperation, poor fixation, and intense glare sensation can result in a challenging clinical examination. A literature search of the MEDLINE database was performed using the terms "near-infrared reflectance" and "spectral-domain optical coherence tomography." Articles were selected if they described the diagnostic use of NIR in children or young adults. Of 700 publications, 42 manuscripts published between 2005 and 2020 were inherent to children or young adults and were considered in this narrative literature review. The first disease category is the phakomatoses where NIR is essential in visualizing choroidal alterations recognized as cardinal biomarkers in neurofibromatosis type 1, microvascular retinal alterations, and retinal astrocytic hamartomas. Another diagnostic application is the accurate visualization of crystals of various nature, including the glistening crystals that characterize Bietti crystalline dystrophy. Acute macular neuropathy and paracentral acute middle maculopathy represent a further disease category with young adulthood onset where NIR is not only diagnostic but also essential to monitor disease progression. A further interesting clinical application is to facilitate the detection of laser-induced maculopathy where funduscopic examination can be normal or subnormal. In conclusion, NIR imaging has a noninterchangeable role in diagnosing certain retinal diseases, especially in children and young adults where there is scarce collaboration and a lack of evident clinical findings. Moreover, this technique can reveal unique retinal and choroidal biomarkers highly specific to rare conditions.

SUBMITTER: Abdolrahimzadeh S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8349282 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Optimal management of free-ranging herbivores requires the accurate assessment of an animal's nutritional status. For this purpose 'near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy' (NIRS) is very useful, especially when nutritional assessment is done through faecal indicators such as faecal nitrogen (FN). In order to perform an NIRS calibration, the default protocol recommends starting by generating an initial equation based on at least 50-75 samples from the given species. Although this protocol optimises prediction accuracy, it limits the use of NIRS with rare or endangered species where sample sizes are often small. To overcome this limitation we tested a single NIRS equation (i.e., multispecies calibration) to predict FN in herbivores. Firstly, we used five herbivore species with highly contrasting digestive physiologies to build monospecies and multispecies calibrations, namely horse, sheep, Pyrenean chamois, red deer and European rabbit. Secondly, the equation accuracy was evaluated by two procedures using: (1) an external validation with samples from the same species, which were not used in the calibration process; and (2) samples from different ungulate species, specifically Alpine ibex, domestic goat, European mouflon, roe deer and cattle. The multispecies equation was highly accurate in terms of the coefficient of determination for calibration R2 = 0.98, standard error of validation SECV = 0.10, standard error of external validation SEP = 0.12, ratio of performance to deviation RPD = 5.3, and range error of prediction RER = 28.4. The accuracy of the multispecies equation to predict other herbivore species was also satisfactory (R2 > 0.86, SEP < 0.27, RPD > 2.6, and RER > 8.1). Lastly, the agreement between multi- and monospecies calibrations was also confirmed by the Bland-Altman method. In conclusion, our single multispecies equation can be used as a reliable, cost-effective, easy and powerful analytical method to assess FN in a wide range of herbivore species.

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Near-Infrared Reflectance Imaging in Retinal Diseases Affecting Young Patients.

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