Dataset Information

The physiological impact of high-intensity interval training in octogenarians with comorbidities.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Declines in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and fat-free mass (FFM) with age are linked to mortality, morbidity and poor quality of life. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to improve CRF and FFM in many groups, but its efficacy in the very old, in whom comorbidities are present is undefined. We aimed to assess the efficacy of and physiological/metabolic responses to HIIT, in a cohort of octogenarians with comorbidities (e.g. hypertension and osteoarthritis).

Methods

Twenty-eight volunteers (18 men, 10 women, 81.2 ± 0.6 years, 27.1 ± 0.6 kg·m^-2 ) with American Society of Anaesthesiology (ASA) Grade 2-3 status each completed 4 weeks (12 sessions) HIIT after a control period of equal duration. Before and after each 4 week period, subjects underwent body composition assessments and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Quadriceps muscle biopsies (m. vastus lateralis) were taken to quantify anabolic signalling, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and cumulative muscle protein synthesis (MPS) over 4-weeks.

Results

In comorbid octogenarians, HIIT elicited improvements in CRF (anaerobic threshold: +1.2 ± 0.4 ml·kg^-1 ·min^-1 , P = 0.001). HIIT also augmented total FFM (47.2 ± 1.4 to 47.6 ± 1.3 kg, P = 0.04), while decreasing total fat mass (24.8 ± 1.3 to 24 ± 1.2 kg, P = 0.0002) and body fat percentage (33.1 ± 1.5 to 32.1 ± 1.4%, P = 0.0008). Mechanistically, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity increased after HIIT (i.e. citrate synthase activity: 52.4 ± 4 to 67.9 ± 5.1 nmol·min^-1 ·mg^-1 , P = 0.005; membrane protein complexes (C): C-II, 1.4-fold increase, P = 0.002; C-III, 1.2-fold increase, P = 0.03), as did rates of MPS (1.3 ± 0.1 to 1.5 ± 0.1%·day^-1 , P = 0.03). The increase in MPS was supported by up-regulated phosphorylation of anabolic signalling proteins (e.g. AKT, p70S6K, and 4E-BP1; all P < 0.05). There were no changes in any of these parameters during the control period. No adverse events were reported throughout the study.

Conclusions

The HIIT enhances skeletal muscle mass and CRF in octogenarians with disease, with up-regulation of MPS and mitochondrial capacity likely underlying these improvements. HIIT can be safely delivered to octogenarians with disease and is an effective, time-efficient intervention to improve muscle mass and physical function in a short time frame.

SUBMITTER: Blackwell JEM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8350218 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

ACCESS DATA

Similar Datasets

Project description:This study analyzed whether 100- and 200-m interval training (IT) in swimming differed regarding temporal, perceptual, and physiological responses. The IT was performed at maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) until exhaustion and time spent near to maximalVO2 peak oxygen uptake (⩒O2peak), total time limit (tLim), peak blood lactate [La-] peak, ⩒O2 kinetics (⩒O2K), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were compared between protocols. Twelve swimmers (seven males 16.1 ± 1.1 and five females 14.2 ± 1 years) completed a discontinuous incremental step test for the second ventilatory threshold (VT2), ⩒O2peak, and MAV assessment. The swimmers subsequently completed two IT protocols at MAV with 100- and 200-m bouts to determine the maximal ⩒O2 (peak-⩒O2) and time spent ≥VT2, 90, and 95% of ⩒O2peak for the entire protocols (IT100 and IT200) and during the first 800-m of each protocol (IT8x100 and IT4x200). A portable apparatus (K4b2) sampled gas exchange through a snorkel and an underwater led signal controlled the velocity. RPE was also recorded. The Peak-⩒O2 attained during IT8x100 and IT4x200 (57.3 ± 4.9 vs. 57.2 ± 4.6 ml·kg-1·min-1) were not different between protocols (p = 0.98) nor to ⩒O2peak (59.2 ± 4.2 ml·kg-1·min-1, p = 0.37). The time constant of ⩒O2K (24.9 ± 8.4 vs. 25.1 ± 6.3-s, p = 0.67) and [La-] peak (7.9 ± 3.4 and 8.7 ± 1.5 mmol·L-1, p = 0.15) also did not differ between IT100 and IT200. The time spent ≥VT2, 90, and 95%⩒O2peak were also not different between IT8x100 and IT4x200 (p = 0.93, 0.63, and 1.00, respectively). The RPE for IT8x100 was lower than that for IT4x200 (7.62 ± 2 vs. 9.5 ± 0.7, p = 0.01). Both protocols are considered suitable for aerobic power enhancement, since ⩒O2peak was attained with similar ⩒O2K and sustained with no differences in tLim. However, the fact that only the RPE differed between the IT protocols suggested that coaches should consider that nx100-m/15-s is perceived as less difficult to perform compared with nx200-m/30-s for the first 800-m when managing the best strategy to be implemented for aerobic power training.

Project description:Free-running wheel (FRW) is an animal exercise model that relies on high-intensity interval moments interspersed with low-intensity or pauses apparently similar to those performed in high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Therefore, this study, conducted over a 12-weeks period, aimed to compare functional, thermographic, biochemical and morphological skeletal and cardiac muscle adaptations induced by FRW and HIIT. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were assigned into three groups: sedentary rats (SED), rats that voluntarily exercise in free wheels (FRW) and rats submitted to a daily HIIT. Functional tests revealed that compared to SED both FRW and HIIT increased the ability to perform maximal workload tests (MWT-cm/s) (45 ± 1 vs. 55 ± 2 and vs. 65 ± 2). Regarding thermographic assays, FRW and HIIT increased the ability to lose heat through the tail during MWT. Histochemical analyzes performed in tibialis anterior (TA) and soleus (SOL) muscles showed a general adaptation toward a more oxidative phenotype in both FRW and HIIT. Exercise increased the percentage of fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) in medial fields of TA (29.7 ± 2.3 vs. 44.9 ± 4.4 and vs. 45.2 ± 5.3) and slow oxidative (SO) in SOL (73.4 ± 5.7 vs. 99.5 ± 0.5 and vs. 96.4 ± 1.2). HITT decreased fiber cross-sectional area (FCSA-?m2) of SO (4350 ± 286.9 vs. 4893 ± 325 and vs. 3621 ± 237.3) in SOL. Fast glycolytic fibers were bigger across all the TA muscle in FRW and HIIT groups. The FCSA decrease in FOG fibers was accompanied by a circularity decrease of SO from SOL fibers (0.840 ± 0.005 vs. 0.783 ± 0.016 and vs. 0.788 ± 0.010), and a fiber and global field capillarization increase in both FRW and HIIT protocols. Moreover, FRW and HIIT animals exhibited increased cardiac mitochondrial respiratory control ratio with complex I-driven substrates (3.89 ± 0.14 vs. 5.20 ± 0.25 and vs. 5.42 ± 0.37). Data suggest that FRW induces significant functional, physiological, and biochemical adaptations similar to those obtained under an intermittent forced exercise regimen, such as HIIT.

Project description:ObjectiveHigh intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient exercise modality to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, and has recently been popularised by social media influencers. However, little is known regarding acute physiological and perceptual responses to these online protocols compared to HIIT protocols used within research. The aim was to investigate acute physiological, perceptual and motivational responses to two HIIT protocols popular on social media, and compare these to two evidence-based protocols.MethodsTwenty-seven recreationally active (>1 exercise session /week) participants (Age: 22±3y, BMI: 24.3±2.4) completed a randomised cross-over study, whereby each participant completed four HIIT protocols, two already established in research (Ergo-60:60 (cycling 10x60s at 100%Wmaxwith 60s rest), BW-60:60 (body-weight exercises 10x60swith 60s rest)) and two promoted on social media (SM-20:10 (body-weight exercises 20x20swith 10s rest) and SM-40:20 (body-weight exercises 15x40s with 20s rest)). Blood lactate, heart rate (HR), feeling scale (FS), felt arousal scale (FSA), enjoyment and perceived competence were measured in response to each protocol.ResultsSignificant differences were observed between BW-60:60 and SM-20:10 for the proportion of intervals meeting the ACSM high-intensity exercise criterion (>80% of HRmax) (BW-60:60 93±10%, SM-20:10 74±20%, P = 0.039) and change in lactate (BW-60:60 +7.8±3.7mmol/L, SM-20:10 +5.5±2.6mmol/L, P = 0.001). The percentage of time spent above the criterion HR was also significantly lower in SM-20:10 compared to all other protocols (Ergo-60:60 13.9±4.9min, BW-60:60 13.5±3.5min, SM-40:20 12.1±2.4min, SM-20:10 7.7±3.1, P<0.05). No differences were observed in lowest reported FS between protocols (P = 0.268), but FS decreased linearly throughout Ergo-60:60 and BW-60:60 (first vs. last interval P<0.05), but not in SM-20:10 or SM-40:20 (P>0.05). Enjoyment was higher upon completion of BW-60:60 compared to Ergo-60:60 and SM-40:20 (P<0.05).ConclusionsThis study shows that HIIT protocols available on social media offer an interesting real-world alternative for promoting exercise participation. Future studies should continue to investigate these highly popular and practical HIIT protocols.

Project description:BackgroundReduced cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an independent risk factor for dependency, cognitive impairment and premature mortality. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a proven time-efficient stimulus for improving both CRF and other facets of cardiometabolic health also known to decline with advancing age. However, the efficacy of equipment-free, unsupervised HIIT to improve the physiological resilience of older adults is not known.MethodsThirty independent, community-dwelling older adults (71(SD: 5) years) were randomised to 4 weeks (12 sessions) equipment-free, supervised (in the laboratory (L-HIIT)) or unsupervised (at home (H-HIIT)) HIIT, or a no-intervention control (CON). HIIT involved 5, 1-minute intervals of a bodyweight exercise each interspersed with 90-seconds recovery. CRF, exercise tolerance, blood pressure (BP), body composition, muscle architecture, circulating lipids and glucose tolerance were assessed at baseline and after the intervention period.ResultsWhen compared to the control group, both HIIT protocols improved the primary outcome of CRF ((via anaerobic threshold) mean difference, L-HIIT: +2.27, H-HIIT: +2.29, both p < 0.01) in addition to exercise tolerance, systolic BP, total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and m. vastus lateralis pennation angle, to the same extent. There was no improvement in these parameters in CON. There was no change in diastolic BP, glucose tolerance, whole-body composition or HDL cholesterol in any of the groups.ConclusionsThis is the first study to show that short-term, time-efficient, equipment-free, HIIT is able to elicit improvements in the CRF of older adults irrespective of supervision status. Unsupervised HIIT may offer a novel approach to improve the physiological resilience of older adults, combating age-associated physiological decline, the rise of inactivity and the additional challenges currently posed by the COVID-19 pandemic.Trial registrationThis study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov and coded: NCT03473990 .