Perfusion weighted imaging using combined gradient/spin echo EPIK: Brain tumour applications in hybrid MR-PET.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Shah NJ
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8356990 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:PurposeIn this study, we propose a simplified acquisition and analysis approach for spin and gradient echo (SAGE)-based dynamic susceptibility-contrast MRI (DSC-MRI) data that is free of contrast agent T1 leakage effects.MethodsA five-echo SAGE sequence was used to acquire DSC-MRI data in rat C6 tumors (n = 7). Nonlinear fitting of all echoes was performed to obtain T1-insensitive ΔR2* and ΔR2 time series. The simplified approach, which includes two gradient echoes and one spin echo, was also used to analytically compute T1-insensitive ΔR2* using the two gradient echoes and ΔR2 using all three echoes. The blood flow, blood volume, and vessel size values derived from each method were compared.ResultsIn all cases, the five-echo and simplified SAGE ΔR2* and ΔR2 were in excellent agreement and demonstrated significant T1 leakage correction compared with the uncorrected single-echo data. The derived hemodynamic parameters for blood volume, blood flow, and vessel size were not significantly different between the two methods.ConclusionsThe proposed simplified SAGE technique enables the acquisition of gradient and spin echo DSC-MRI data corrected for T1 leakage effects yields parameters that are in agreement with the five-echo SAGE approach and does not require nonlinear fitting to extract ΔR2* and ΔR2 time series.
| S-EPMC4561038 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PURPOSE:In this study, we propose a rapid acquisition for MR-based attenuation correction (MRAC) in positron emission tomography (PET)/MR imaging, in which an ultrashort echo time (UTE) image and an out-of-phase echo image are obtained within a single rapid scan (35 s) at high spatial resolution (1?mm3 ), which allows accurate estimation of a pseudo CT image using 4-class tissue classification (discrete bone, discrete air, continuous fat, and continuous water). METHODS:In dual-echo ramped hybrid encoding (dRHE), a UTE echo is directly followed by a second out-of-phase echo, in which hybrid spatial encoding combining single-point imaging and 3-dimensional radial frequency encoding is used to improve the quality of both images. Two-point Dixon reconstruction is used to estimate fat- and water-separated images, and UTE images are used to estimate bone. Air and bone segmentation is improved by using multiple UTE images with an advanced hybrid-encoding scheme that allows reconstruction of multiple UTE images. To evaluate the proposed method, dRHE-MRAC PET/MR brain imaging was performed in 10 subjects. Dice coefficients and PET reconstruction errors relative to CT-based attenuation correction were compared with existing system MRAC approaches. RESULTS:In dRHE-MRAC, the Dice coefficients for soft tissue, air, and bone were respectively 0.95?±?0.01, 0.62?±?0.06, and 0.78?±?0.05, which was a significantly improved result compared with existing approaches. In most brain regions, dRHE-MRAC showed significantly reduced PET error (less than 1%) with P values less than 0.05. CONCLUSIONS:Dual-echo ramped hybrid encoding enables rapid and robust imaging for MRAC with a very rapid acquisition. Magn Reson Med 79:2912-2922, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
| S-EPMC5843521 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The purpose of this study was to estimate magnetic resonance imaging-based brain perfusion parameters from combined multiecho spin-echo and gradient-echo acquisitions, to correct them for T₁₋, T₂₋, and T₂₋*-related contrast agent (CA) extravasation effects, and to simultaneously determine vascular permeability. Perfusion data were acquired using a combined multiecho spin- and gradient-echo (SAGE) echo-planar imaging sequence, which was corrected for CA extravasation effects using pharmacokinetic modeling. The presented method was validated in simulations and brain tumor patients, and compared with uncorrected single-echo and multiecho data. In the presence of CA extravasation, uncorrected single-echo data resulted in underestimated CA concentrations, leading to underestimated single-echo cerebral blood volume (CBV) and mean transit time (MTT). In contrast, uncorrected multiecho data resulted in overestimations of CA concentrations, CBV, and MTT. The correction of CA extravasation effects resulted in CBV and MTT estimates that were more consistent with the underlying tissue characteristics. Spin-echo perfusion data showed reduced large-vessel blooming effects, facilitating better distinction between increased CBV due to active tumor progression and elevated CBV due to the presence of cortical vessels in tumor proximity. Furthermore, extracted permeability parameters were in good agreement with elevated T1-weighted postcontrast signal values.
| S-EPMC3652702 | biostudies-other
Project description:PurposeDynamic susceptibility contrast imaging requires high temporal sampling, which poses limits on achievable spatial coverage and resolution. Additionally, more encoding-intensive multi-echo acquisitions for quantitative imaging are desired to mitigate contrast leakage effects, which further limits spatial encoding. We present an accelerated sequence that provides whole-brain coverage at an improved spatio-temporal resolution, to allow for dynamic quantitative R2 and R2 * mapping during contrast-enhanced imaging.MethodsA multi-echo spin and gradient-echo sequence was implemented with simultaneous multislice acquisition. Complementary k-space sampling between repetitions and joint virtual coil reconstruction were used along with a dynamic phase-matching technique to achieve high-quality reconstruction at 9-fold acceleration, which enabled 2 × 2 × 5 mm whole-brain imaging at TR of 1.5 to 1.7 seconds. The multi-echo images from this sequence were fit to achieve quantitative R2 and R2 * maps for each repetition, and subsequently used to find perfusion measures including cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume.ResultsImages reconstructed using joint virtual coil show improved image quality and g-factor compared with conventional reconstruction methods, resulting in improved quantitative maps with a 9-fold acceleration factor and whole-brain coverage during the dynamic perfusion acquisition.ConclusionThe method presented shows the advantage of using a joint virtual coil-GRAPPA reconstruction to allow for high acceleration factors while maintaining reliable image quality for quantitative perfusion mapping, with the potential to improve tumor diagnostics and monitoring.
| S-EPMC6692914 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesTo apply the MB (multiband) excitation and blipped-CAIPI (blipped-controlled aliasing in parallel imaging) techniques in a spin and gradient-echo (SAGE) EPI sequence to improve the slice coverage for vessel architecture imaging (VAI).Materials and methodsBoth MB excitation and blipped-CAIPI with in-plane parallel imaging were incorporated into a gradient-echo (GE)/spin-echo (SE) EPI sequence for simultaneous tracking of the dynamic MR signal changes in both GE and SE contrasts after the injection of contrast agent. MB and singleband (SB) excitation were compared using a 20-channel head coil at 3 Tesla, and high-resolution MB VAI could be performed in 32 glioma patients.ResultsWhole-brain covered high resolution VAI can be achieved after applying multiband excitation with a factor of 2 and in-plane parallel imaging with a factor of 3. The quality of the images resulting from MB acceleration was comparable to those from the SB method: images were reconstructed without any loss of spatial resolution or severe distortions. In addition, MB and SB signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) were similar. A relative low g-factor induced from the MB acceleration method was achieved after using a blipped-CAIPI technique (1.35 for GE and 1.33 for SE imaging). Performing quantitative VAI, we found that, among all VAI parametric maps, microvessel type indicator (MTI), distance map (I) and vascular-induced bolus peak-time shift (VIPS) were highly correlated. Likewise, VAI parametric maps of slope, slope length and short axis were highly correlated.ConclusionsMultiband accelerated SAGE successfully doubles the number of readout slices in the same measurement time when compared to conventional readout sequences. The corresponding VAI parametric maps provide insights into the complexity and heterogeneity of vascular changes in glioma.
| S-EPMC6688807 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundTo study gradient recalled echo (GRE) T2*-weighted imaging (T2*WI) for normal pancreas and acute pancreatitis (AP).MethodsFifty-one patients without any pancreatic disorders (control group) and 117 patients with AP were recruited. T2* values derived from T2*WI of the pancreas were measured for the two groups. The severity of AP was graded by the magnetic resonance severity index (MRSI) and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Healthy Evaluation II (APACHE II) scoring system. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between the T2* values and AP severity. The usefulness of the T2* value for diagnosing AP and the relationship between the T2* values and the severity of AP were analyzed.ResultsOn GRE-T2*WI, the normal pancreas showed a well-marinated and consistently homogeneous isointensity. Edematous AP, as well as the non-necrotic area in necrotizing AP, showed ill-defined but homogeneous signal intensity. AP with pancreatic hemorrhage showed a decreased T2* value and a signal loss on the signal decay curve. The T2* value of pancreas in the AP group was higher than that of the control group (t=-8.20, P<0.05). The T2* value tended to increase along with the increase in MRSI scores but not with the APACHE II scores (P>0.05). AP was associated with a one standard deviation increment in the T2* value (OR =1.37; 95% CI: 1.216-1.532).ConclusionsT2*WI demonstrates a few characteristics of the normal pancreas and AP, which could potentially be helpful for detecting hemorrhage, and contributes to diagnosing AP and its severity.
| S-EPMC4858464 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo determine the feasibility and biologic correlations of dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC), dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE), and quantitative maps derived from contrast leakage effects obtained simultaneously in gliomas using dynamic spin-and-gradient-echo echoplanar imaging (dynamic SAGE-EPI) during a single contrast injection.Materials and methodsThirty-eight patients with enhancing brain gliomas were prospectively imaged with dynamic SAGE-EPI, which was processed to compute traditional DSC metrics (normalized relative cerebral blood flow [nrCBV], percentage of signal recovery [PSR]), DCE metrics (volume transfer constant [Ktrans], extravascular compartment [ve]), and leakage effect metrics: ΔR2,ss* (reflecting T2*-leakage effects), ΔR1,ss (reflecting T1-leakage effects), and the transverse relaxivity at tracer equilibrium (TRATE, reflecting the balance between ΔR2,ss* and ΔR1,ss). These metrics were compared between patient subgroups (treatment-naïve [TN] vs recurrent [R]) and biological features (IDH status, Ki67 expression).ResultsIn IDH wild-type gliomas (IDHwt-i.e., glioblastomas), previous exposure to treatment determined lower TRATE (p = 0.002), as well as higher PSR (p = 0.006), Ktrans (p = 0.17), ΔR1,ss (p = 0.035), ve (p = 0.006), and ADC (p = 0.016). In IDH-mutant gliomas (IDHm), previous treatment determined higher Ktrans and ΔR1,ss (p = 0.026). In TN-gliomas, dynamic SAGE-EPI metrics tended to be influenced by IDH status (p ranging 0.09-0.14). TRATE values above 142 mM-1s-1 were exclusively seen in TN-IDHwt, and, in TN-gliomas, this cutoff had 89% sensitivity and 80% specificity as a predictor of Ki67 > 10%.ConclusionsDynamic SAGE-EPI enables simultaneous quantification of brain tumor perfusion and permeability, as well as mapping of novel metrics related to cytoarchitecture (TRATE) and blood-brain barrier disruption (ΔR1,ss), with a single contrast injection.Clinical relevance statementSimultaneous DSC and DCE analysis with dynamic SAGE-EPI reduces scanning time and contrast dose, respectively alleviating concerns about imaging protocol length and gadolinium adverse effects and accumulation, while providing novel leakage effect metrics reflecting blood-brain barrier disruption and tumor tissue cytoarchitecture.Key points• Traditionally, perfusion and permeability imaging for brain tumors requires two separate contrast injections and acquisitions. • Dynamic spin-and-gradient-echo echoplanar imaging enables simultaneous perfusion and permeability imaging. • Dynamic spin-and-gradient-echo echoplanar imaging provides new image contrasts reflecting blood-brain barrier disruption and cytoarchitecture characteristics.
| S-EPMC11045669 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A spatial mismatch of up to 14 mm between optimal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) site and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal has consistently been reported for the primary motor cortex. The underlying cause might be the effect of magnetic susceptibility around large draining veins in Gradient-Echo blood oxygenation level-dependent (GRE-BOLD) fMRI. We tested whether alternative fMRI sequences such as Spin-Echo (SE-BOLD) or Arterial Spin-Labeling (ASL) assessing cerebral blood flow (ASL-CBF) may localize neural activity closer to optimal TMS positions and primary motor cortex than GRE-BOLD. GRE-BOLD, SE-BOLD, and ASL-CBF signal changes during right thumb abductions were obtained from 15 healthy subjects at 3 Tesla. In 12 subjects, tissue at fMRI maxima was stimulated with neuronavigated TMS to compare motor-evoked potentials (MEPs). Euclidean distances between the fMRI center-of-gravity (CoG) and the TMS motor mapping CoG were calculated. Highest SE-BOLD and ASL-CBF signal changes were located in the anterior wall of the central sulcus [Brodmann Area 4 (BA4)], whereas highest GRE-BOLD signal changes were significantly closer to the gyral surface. TMS at GRE-BOLD maxima resulted in higher MEPs which might be attributed to significantly higher electric field strengths. TMS-CoGs were significantly anterior to fMRI-CoGs but distances were not statistically different across sequences. Our findings imply that spatial differences between fMRI and TMS are unlikely to be caused by spatial unspecificity of GRE-BOLD fMRI but might be attributed to other factors, e.g., interactions between TMS-induced electric field and neural tissue. Differences between techniques should be kept in mind when using fMRI coordinates as TMS (intervention) targets.
| S-EPMC6870385 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background Myocardial oxygenation imaging could help determine the presence of microvascular dysfunction associated with increased cardiovascular risk. However, it is challenging to depict the potentially small oxygenation alterations with current noninvasive cardiac MRI blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) techniques. Purpose To demonstrate the cardiac application of a gradient-echo spin-echo (GESE) echo-planar imaging sequence for dynamic and quantitative heartbeat-to-heartbeat BOLD MRI and evaluate the sequence in populations both healthy and with hypertension in combination with a breath hold-induced CO2 intervention. Materials and Methods GESE echo-planar imaging sequence was performed in 18 healthy participants and in eight prospectively recruited participants with hypertension on a 3.0-T MRI system. T2 and T2* maps were calculated per heartbeat with a four-parameter fitting technique. Septal regions of interests were used to determine T2 and T2* values per heartbeat and examined over the course of a breath hold to determine BOLD changes. T2 and T2* changes of healthy participants and participants with hypertension were compared by using a nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. Results GESE echo-planar imaging approach gave spatially stable T2 and T2* maps per heartbeat for healthy participants and participants with hypertension, with mean T2 values of 43 msec ± 5 (standard deviation) and 46 msec ± 9, respectively, and mean T2* values of 28 msec ± 5 and 22 msec ± 5, respectively. The healthy participants exhibited increasing T2 and T2* values over the course of a breath hold with a mean positive slope of 0.2 msec per heartbeat ± 0.1 for T2 and 0.2 msec per heartbeat ± 0.1 for T2*, whereas for participants with hypertension these dynamic T2 and T2* values had a mean negative slope of -0.2 msec per heartbeat ± 0.2 for T2 and -0.1 msec per heartbeat ± 0.2 for T2*. The difference in these mean slopes between healthy participants and participants with hypertension was significant for both T2 (P < .001) and T2* (P < .001). Conclusion Gradient-echo spin-echo echo-planar imaging sequence provided quantitative T2 and T2* maps per heartbeat and enabled dynamic heartbeat-to-heartbeat blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD)-response imaging by analyzing changes in T2 and T2* over the time of a breath-hold intervention. This approach could identify differences in the BOLD response between healthy participants and participants with hypertension. © RSNA, 2020 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Friedrich in this issue.
| S-EPMC7053244 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide unique information about extraocular muscle (EOM) structure and function. Previous high-resolution motility imaging studies used T1 weighting, which provides intrinsic contrast of dark-appearing EOMs against bright orbital fat and is suitable for intravenous contrast. However, time-consuming T1 sequences are subject to motion artifacts. We evaluated an alternative T2-weighted fast spin-echo pulse sequence that emphasizes tissue-free fluid.MethodsWe prospectively used high-resolution, surface coil technique for orbital MRI at 1.5T in 21 orthotropic and 113 living strabismic subjects and 2 monkey cadavers by using T2 fast spin-echo (T2FSE) weighting (long repetition time, short echo time). T2FSE was compared with T1 in 17 subjects, and with T1 in 506 different living subjects, and 12 cadavers.ResultsFor 2 mm thick coronal MRIs of 312 μm resolution spanning the entire orbit, T1 acquisition required 218 seconds, whereas T2FSE required 150 seconds (31% faster). T2-defined the globe border better, and provided intrinsic contrast between EOMs and their pulleys. Although both T1 and T2 demonstrated motor nerves to EOMs in living subjects, only T1 was satisfactory with injected contrast and in cadavers.ConclusionsFor motility imaging, T2FSE is faster than T1 MRI and demonstrates superior tissue details of EOMs and other orbital tissues. T2FSE of the orbits can be performed by the use of widely available standard equipment. We suggest that T2FSE be the preferred method for clinical imaging of EOM structure, function, and innervation, although T1 may be more appropriate when intravenous contrast must be used.
| S-EPMC3057399 | biostudies-literature