Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) Inhibition Synergizes with KRAS G12C Inhibitors in Treating Cancer through the Regulation of the FAK-YAP Signaling.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Zhang B
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8373085 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a major drug target in cancer and current inhibitors targeted to the ATP-binding pocket of the kinase domain have entered clinical trials. However, preliminary results have shown limited single-agent efficacy in patients. Despite these unfavorable data, the molecular mechanisms that drive intrinsic and acquired resistance to FAK-kinase inhibitors are largely unknown. We have demonstrated that receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) can directly bypass FAK-kinase inhibition in cancer cells through phosphorylation of FAK's critical tyrosine 397 (Y397). We also showed that HER2 forms a direct protein-protein interaction with the FAK-FERM-F1 lobe, promoting direct phosphorylation of Y397. In addition, FAK-kinase inhibition induced two forms of compensatory RTK reprogramming: (i) the rapid phosphorylation and activation of RTK signaling pathways in RTKHigh cells and (ii) the long-term acquisition of RTKs novel to the parental cell line in RTKLow cells. Finally, HER2 +: cancer cells displayed resistance to FAK-kinase inhibition in 3D growth assays using a HER2 isogenic system and HER2+ cancer cell lines. Our data indicate a novel drug resistance mechanism to FAK-kinase inhibitors whereby HER2 and other RTKs can rescue and maintain FAK activation (pY397) even in the presence of FAK-kinase inhibition. These data may have important ramifications for existing clinical trials of FAK inhibitors and suggest that individual tumor stratification by RTK expression would be important to predict patient response to FAK-kinase inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(12); 3028-39. ©2016 AACR.
| S-EPMC5136315 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood. This tumor is characterized by poor survival, especially when it features amplification of the MYCN oncogene. The ability for human cancers to propagate is marked by their ability to invade and metastasize to distant sites. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a key tyrosine kinase involved in the survival and metastasis of a number of human tumor types. We have shown that FAK is present in human neuroblastoma and that its expression in neuroblastoma is related to the MYCN oncogene. We have also demonstrated that inhibition of FAK in neuroblastoma leads to decreased tumor cell survival. The current review addresses the relationship between the MYCN oncogene, focal adhesion kinase and neuroblastoma.
| S-EPMC3171213 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeRegulation of lens development involves an intricate interplay between growth factor (e.g. FGF and TGFbeta) and extracellular matrix (ECM) signaling pathways. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that plays key roles in transmitting ECM signals by integrins. In this study, we delineated patterns of FAK expression and tyrosine phosphorylation (Y397) in the developing lens and investigated its regulation by FGF2. We also examined FAK expression and activation during disrupted fiber differentiation in mice expressing a dominant-negative TGFbeta receptor.MethodsFAK expression and activation (phosphorylation on Y397) was studied in embryonic and postnatal rodent lenses by in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, and western blotting. Rat lens explants were used to investigate the effects of FGF2 on FAK expression and activation. Immunofluorescence and western blotting were used to examine FAK expression and phosphorylation in transgenic mice that express a dominant-negative TGFbeta receptor.ResultsFAK is widely expressed and phosphorylated during embryonic stages of lens morphogenesis and differentiation. However, in postnatal lenses its expression and activation becomes restricted to the posterior germinative zone and the transitional zone at the lens equator. While both NH2- and COOH-terminal antibodies revealed cytoplasmic and membrane-associated staining in lens cells, the NH2-terminal antibody also showed FAK was present in fiber cell nuclei. In vitro, FAK expression and phosphorylation on Y397 were increased by concentrations of FGF2 that initiate lens epithelial cell migration (10 ng/ml) and differentiation (50 ng/ml) but not proliferation (5 ng/ml). Moreover, reactivity for Y397 phosphorylated FAK is prominent in the nuclei of differentiating fibers both in vivo and in vitro. Disruption of TGFbeta-like signals by ectopic expression of a dominant-negative TGFbeta receptor (TbetaRII(D/N)) results in abnormal lens fiber differentiation in transgenic mice. While FAK expression is initiated normally in the posterior germinative zone of TbetaRII(D/N) transgenic lenses, as fiber differentiation proceeds, FAK becomes localized to a perinuclear compartment, decreases its association with the cytoskeleton and is poorly phosphorylated on Y(397).ConclusionsFAK is widely expressed and activated during early lens morphogenesis. During secondary lens fiber differentiation, FAK is expressed and phosphorylated on Y397 as epithelial cells exit the cell cycle, initiate migration at the equator, and undergo differentiation in the transitional zone. During terminal fiber differentiation an NH2-terminal fragment of FAK, including Y397, is translocated to the nucleus. The expression, activation, and nuclear localization of FAK are regulated, at least partly, by FGF2. FAK activity and subcellular localization are also modulated by TGFbeta-like signals. In fiber cells of TbetaRII(D/N) transgenic lenses, FAK is abnormally retained in a perinuclear compartment, loses its association with the cytoskeleton, and is poorly phosphorylated. These data suggest that integrin signaling via FAK plays important roles during lens differentiation, mediated by FGFs and TGFbeta-superfamily signals.
| S-EPMC2642935 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The coordinated and dynamic regulation of adhesions is required for cell migration. We demonstrated previously that limited proteolysis of talin1 by the calcium-dependent protease calpain 2 plays a critical role in adhesion disassembly in fibroblasts (Franco, S. J., Rodgers, M. A., Perrin, B. J., Han, J., Bennin, D. A., Critchley, D. R., and Huttenlocher, A. (2004) Nat. Cell Biol. 6, 977-983). However, little is known about the contribution of other calpain substrates to the regulation of adhesion dynamics. We now provide evidence that calpain 2-mediated proteolysis of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates adhesion dynamics in motile cells. We mapped the preferred calpain cleavage site between the two C-terminal proline-rich regions after Ser-745, resulting in a C-terminal fragment similar in size to the FAK-related non-kinase (FRNK). We generated mutant FAK with a point mutation (V744G) that renders FAK resistant to calpain proteolysis but retains other biochemical properties of FAK. Using time-lapse microscopy, we show that the dynamics of green fluorescent protein-talin1 are impaired in FAK-deficient cells. Expression of wild-type but not calpain-resistant FAK rescues talin dynamics in FAK-deficient cells. Taken together, our findings suggest a novel role for calpain proteolysis of FAK in regulating adhesion dynamics in motile cells.
| S-EPMC2857020 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Chronic stress is associated with hormonal alterations that are known to promote cancer progression. The stress hormone norepinephrine promotes migration and metastasis of prostate cancer cells. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase which is phosphorylated during chronic stress or norepinephrine treatment. Here, we investigated how norepinephrine modulates the gene expression in Myc-CaP prostate cancer cell line. We also focused on the effect of FAK knockdown in norepinephrine-induced changes of the gene expression profile.
2018-08-29 | GSE119157 | GEO
Project description:Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitors have been developed as potential anticancer agents and are undergoing clinical trials. In vitro activation of the FAK kinase domain triggers autophosphorylation of Y397, Src activation, and subsequent phosphorylation of other FAK tyrosine residues. However, how FAK Y397 mutations affect FAK kinase-dead (KD) phenotypes in tumour angiogenesis in vivo is unknown. We developed three Pdgfb-iCreert -driven endothelial cell (EC)-specific, tamoxifen-inducible homozygous mutant mouse lines: FAK wild-type (WT), FAK KD, and FAK double mutant (DM), i.e. KD with a putatively phosphomimetic Y397E mutation. These ECCre+;FAKWT/WT , ECCre+;FAKKD/KD and ECCre+;FAKDM/DM mice were injected subcutaneously with syngeneic B16F0 melanoma cells. Tumour growth and tumour blood vessel functions were unchanged between ECCre+;FAKWT/WT and ECCre-;FAKWT/WT control mice. In contrast, tumour growth and vessel density were decreased in ECCre+;FAKKD/KD and ECCre+;FAKDM/DM mice, as compared with Cre - littermates. Despite no change in the percentage of perfused vessels or pericyte coverage in either genotype, tumour hypoxia was elevated in ECCre+;FAKKD/KD and ECCre+;FAKDM/DM mice. Furthermore, although ECCre+;FAKKD/KD mice showed reduced blood vessel leakage, ECCre+;FAKDM/DM and ECCre-;FAKDM/DM mice showed no difference in leakage. Mechanistically, fibronectin-stimulated Y397 autophosphorylation was reduced in Cre+;FAKKD/KD ECs as compared with Cre+;FAKWT/WT cells, with no change in phosphorylation of the known Src targets FAK-Y577, FAK-Y861, FAK-Y925, paxillin-Y118, p130Cas-Y410. Cre+;FAKDM/DM ECs showed decreased Src target phosphorylation levels, suggesting that the Y397E substitution actually disrupted Src activation. Reduced VE-cadherin-pY658 levels in Cre+;FAKKD/KD ECs were rescued in Cre+FAKDM/DM ECs, corresponding with the rescue in vessel leakage in the ECCre+;FAKDM/DM mice. We show that EC-specific FAK kinase activity is required for tumour growth, angiogenesis, and vascular permeability. The ECCre+;FAKDM/DM mice restored the KD-dependent tumour vascular leakage observed in ECCre+;FAKKD/KD mice in vivo. This study opens new fields in in vivo FAK signalling. © 2017 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
| S-EPMC5518444 | biostudies-literature
Project description:FAK is a nonreceptor intracellular tyrosine kinase which plays an important biological function. Many studies have found that FAK is overexpressed in many human cancer cell lines, which promotes tumor cell growth by controlling cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival. Therefore, targeting FAK is considered to be a promising cancer therapy with small molecules. Many FAK inhibitors have been reported as anticancer agents with various mechanisms. Currently, six FAK inhibitors, including GSK-2256098 (Phase I), VS-6063 (Phase II), CEP-37440 (Phase I), VS-6062 (Phase I), VS-4718 (Phase I), and BI-853520 (Phase I) are undergoing clinical trials in different phases. Up to now, there have been many novel FAK inhibitors with anticancer activity reported by different research groups. In addition, FAK degraders have been successfully developed through “proteolysis targeting chimera” (PROTAC) technology, opening up a new way for FAK-targeted therapy. In this paper, the structure and biological function of FAK are reviewed, and we summarize the design, chemical types, and activity of FAK inhibitors according to the development of FAK drugs, which provided the reference for the discovery of new anticancer agents.
| S-EPMC8308130 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Whether RET is able to directly phosphorylate and activate downstream targets independently of the binding of proteins that contain Src homology 2 or phosphotyrosine binding domains and whether mechanisms in trans by cytoplasmic kinases can modulate RET function and signaling remain largely unexplored. In this study, oligopeptide arrays were used to screen substrates directly phosphorylated by purified recombinant wild-type and oncogenic RET kinase domain in the presence or absence of small molecule inhibitors. The results of the peptide array were validated by enzyme kinetics, in vitro kinase, and cell-based experiments. The identification of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) as a direct substrate for RET kinase revealed (i) a RET-FAK transactivation mechanism consisting of direct phosphorylation of FAK Tyr-576/577 by RET and a reciprocal phosphorylation of RET by FAK, which crucially is able to rescue the kinase-impaired RET K758M mutant and (ii) that FAK binds RET via its FERM domain. Interestingly, this interaction is abolished upon RET phosphorylation, indicating that RET binding to the FERM domain of FAK is a priming step for RET-FAK transactivation. Finally, our data indicate that FAK inhibitors could be used as potential therapeutic agents for patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 tumors because both, treatment with the FAK kinase inhibitor NVP-TAE226 and FAK down-regulation by siRNA reduced RET phosphorylation and signaling as well as the proliferation and survival of tumor and transfected cell lines expressing oncogenic RET.
| S-EPMC3089571 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Ras proteins are members of a large family of GTPase enzymes that are commonly mutated in cancer where they act as dominant oncogenes. We previously developed an irreversible guanosine-derived inhibitor, SML-8-73-1, of mutant G12C RAS that forms a covalent bond with cysteine 12. Here we report exploration of the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of hydrolytically stable analogues of SML-8-73-1 as covalent G12C KRAS inhibitors. We report the discovery of difluoromethylene bisphosphonate analogues such as compound 11, which, despite exhibiting reduced efficiency as covalent G12C KRAS inhibitors, remove the liability of the hydrolytic instability of the diphosphate moiety present in SML-8-73-1 and provide the foundation for development of prodrugs to facilitate cellular uptake. The SAR and crystallographic results reaffirm the exquisite molecular recognition that exists in the diphosphate region of RAS for guanosine nucleotides which must be considered in the design of nucleotide-competitive inhibitors.
| S-EPMC5238463 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a very lethal disease, with minimal therapeutic options. Aberrant tyrosine kinase activity influences tumor growth and is regulated by phosphorylation. We investigated phosphorylated kinases as target in PDAC.MethodsMass spectrometry-based phosphotyrosine proteomic analysis on PDAC cell lines was used to evaluate active kinases. Pathway analysis and inferred kinase activity analysis was performed to identify novel targets. Subsequently, we investigated targeting of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in vitro with drug perturbations in combination with chemotherapeutics used against PDAC. Tyrosine phosphoproteomics upon treatment was performed to evaluate signaling. An orthotopic model of PDAC was used to evaluate the combination of defactinib with nab-paclitaxel.ResultsPDAC cell lines portrayed high activity of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases to various degree. The non-receptor kinase, FAK, was identified in all cell lines by our phosphotyrosine proteomic screen and pathway analysis. Targeting of this kinase with defactinib validated reduced phosphorylation profiles. Additionally, FAK inhibition had anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects. Combination with (nab-)paclitaxel had a synergistic effect on cell proliferation in vitro and reduced tumor growth in vivo.ConclusionsOur study shows high phosphorylation of several oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases in PDAC cells and validated FAK inhibition as potential synergistic target with Nab-paclitaxel against this devastating disease.
| S-EPMC7941981 | biostudies-literature