Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis Screening in Horses and Donkeys with Histopathologic Liver Abnormalities.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Zehetner V
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8402897 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundEquine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) research is in its infancy. Information regarding prevalence, geographical distribution, genetic diversity, pathogenesis and risk factors enhances understanding of this potentially fatal infection.ObjectivesDetermining the prevalence of EqPV-H in Austrian equids. Investigating factors increasing probability of infection, liver-associated biochemistry parameters, concurrent equine hepacivirus (EqHV) infection and phylogenetic analysis of Austrian EqPV-H variants.Study designCross-sectional study.MethodsSera from 259 horses and 13 donkeys in Austria were analysed for anti-EqPV-H VP1-specific antibodies by luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) and EqPV-H DNA by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Associations between infection status, sex and age were described. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), bile acids and albumin concentrations were compared between horses with active infection and PCR-negative horses. PCR targeting partial EqPV-H NS1 was performed and phylogenetic analysis of Austrian EqPV-H variants was conducted. Complete coding sequences (CDS) of four Austrian variants were determined by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and compared with published sequences.ResultsHorses' EqPV-H seroprevalence was 30.1% and DNA prevalence was 8.9%. One horse was co-infected with EqHV. Significantly, higher probability of active EqPV-H infection was identified in 16- to 31-year-old horses, compared with 1- to 8-year-old horses (P = 0.002; OR = 8.19; 95% CI = 1.79 to 37.50) and 9- to 15-year-old horses (P = 0.03; OR = 2.96; 95% CI = 1.08 to 8.17). Liver-associated plasma parameters were not significantly different between horses with active infection and controls. Austrian EqPV-H variants revealed high similarity to sequences worldwide. No evidence of EqPV-H was detected in donkeys.Main limitationsEquids' inclusion depended upon owner consent. There was only one sampling point per animal and the sample of donkeys was small.ConclusionsEqPV-H antibodies and DNA are frequently detected in Austrian horses, without associated hepatitis in horses with active infection. The risk of active EqPV-H infection increases with increasing age. Phylogenetic evidence supports close relation of EqPV-H variants globally, including Austrian variants.
| S-EPMC9292856 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) causes equine hepatitis. The prevalence of EqPV-H in healthy horses has been reported in the United States, China, Germany, and Austria. The present study determined the prevalence of EqPV-H in the sera of clinically healthy horses in South Korea to identify the potential factors for infection and examine the genetic diversity of EqPV-H DNA sequences through comparison with foreign strains. Serum samples collected from 321 horses were tested for EqPV-H using non-structural protein 1 (NS1)-specific polymerase chain reaction. The associations of EqPV-H infection with sex, age, aspartate aminotransferase and γ-glutamyl transferase levels, and race performance were analyzed. Fourteen samples tested positive for EqPV-H (4.4%, 14/321), and EqPV-H infection was associated with sex (p = 0.006) and performance (p = 0.049). In both EqPV-H-positive and control horses, liver-specific biochemical analytes were within the normal ranges. Phylogenetic analyses based on the partial sequences of EqPV-H NS1 revealed that the Korean EqPV-H isolates shared approximately 98.7-100% similarity. Of these, 11 Korean isolates shared high similarity with strains from the United States, Germany, and China, and the remaining three strains were distinct in phylogenetic analyses. The present study describes the current molecular prevalence, potential risk factors, and genetic diversity of Korean EqPV-H.
| S-EPMC8619122 | biostudies-literature
Project description:An equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) has been recently identified in association with equine serum hepatitis, also known as Theiler's disease. The disease was first described by Arnold Theiler in 1918 and is often observed with parenteral use of blood products in equines. However, natural ways of viral circulation and potential risk factors for transmission still remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of EqPV-H infections in Thoroughbred horses in northern and western Germany and aimed to identify potential risk factors associated with viral infections. A total of 392 Thoroughbreds broodmares and stallions were evaluated cross-sectionally for the presence of anti-EqPV-H antibodies and EqPV-H DNA using a luciferase immunoprecipitation assay (LIPS) and a quantitative PCR, respectively. In addition, data regarding age, stud farm, breeding history, and international transportation history of each horse were collected and analysed. An occurrence of 7% EqPV-H DNA positive and 35% seropositive horses was observed in this study cohort. The systematic analysis of risk factors revealed that age, especially in the group of 11-15-year-old horses, and breeding history were potential risk factors that can influence the rate of EqPV-H infections. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis showed a high similarity on nucleotide level within the sequenced Thoroughbred samples. In conclusion, this study demonstrates circulating EqPV-H infections in Thoroughbred horses from central Europe and revealed age and breeding history as risk factors for EqPV-H infections.
| S-EPMC6833105 | biostudies-literature
Project description:An equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) has been recently identified in association with equine serum hepatitis, also known as Theiler's disease. This disease was first described by Arnold Theiler in 1918 and is often observed after applications with blood products in equines. So far, the virus has only been described in the USA and China. In this study, we evaluated the presence of EqPV-H in several commercial serum samples to assess the potential risk of virus transmission by equine serum-based products for medical and research applications. In 11 out of 18 commercial serum samples, EqPV-H DNA was detectable with a viral load up to 105 copies/mL. The same serum batches as well as three additional samples were also positive for antibodies against the EqPV-H VP1 protein. The countries of origin with detectable viral genomes included the USA, Canada, New Zealand, Italy, and Germany, suggesting a worldwide distribution of EqPV-H. Phylogenetic analysis of the EqPV-H NS1 sequence in commercial serum samples revealed high similarities in viral sequences from different geographical areas. As horse sera are commonly used for the production of anti-sera, which are included in human and veterinary medical products, these results implicate the requirement for diagnostic tests to prevent EqPV-H transmission.
| S-EPMC6563276 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) has recently been associated with cases of Theiler's disease, a form of fulminant hepatic necrosis in horses. To assess whether EqPV-H is the cause of Theiler's disease, we first demonstrated hepatotropism by PCR on tissues from acutely infected horses. We then experimentally inoculated horses with EqPV-H and 8 of 10 horses developed hepatitis. One horse showed clinical signs of liver failure. The onset of hepatitis was temporally associated with seroconversion and a decline in viremia. Liver histology and in situ hybridization showed lymphocytic infiltrates and necrotic EqPV-H-infected hepatocytes. We next investigated potential modes of transmission. Iatrogenic transmission via allogeneic stem cell therapy for orthopedic injuries was previously suggested in a case series of Theiler's disease, and was demonstrated here for the first time. Vertical transmission and mechanical vectoring by horse fly bites could not be demonstrated in this study, potentially due to limited sample size. We found EqPV-H shedding in oral and nasal secretions, and in feces. Importantly, we could demonstrate EqPV-H transmission via oral inoculation with viremic serum. Together, our findings provide additional information that EqPV-H is the likely cause of Theiler's disease and that transmission of EqPV-H occurs via both iatrogenic and natural routes.
| S-EPMC7144241 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are potential biomarkers for equine sarcoids (ES).ObjectivesTo assess eca-miR-331, eca-miR-100, and eca-miR-1 as serum biomarkers for ES disease.AnimalsSixty-eight ES cases (56 horses, 12 donkeys), 69 tumor-free controls (60 horses, 9 donkeys), and 20 horses with other skin tumors.MethodsFor this case-control study, expression of serum eca-miR-331, eca-miR-100, and eca-miR-1 in ES-affected equids was compared to tumor-free age-, sex-, and breed-matched control horses and donkeys with other skin tumors using reverse transcription quantitative PCR (polymerase chain reaction) for relative miRNA quantification. Biological, preanalytical, and clinical variable influences on miRNA expression were examined. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to determine differences in miRNA expression between groups.ResultsThe expression of eca-miR-100 was affected by age (P = .003) and expression of eca-miR-100 and eca-miR-1 were affected by hemolysis (both P < .001). Eca-miR-331 was unaffected by biological variation, hemolysis, ES type, and disease severity. Eca-miR-331 concentrations were higher in ES-affected compared to tumor-free controls (P = .002). The ROC curve analysis indicated an area under the curve of 0.65 (P = .002) with a sensitivity of 60%, specificity of 71%, and positive and negative likelihood ratios of 2.1 and 0.56, respectively, to diagnose ES. Eca-miR-331 expression did not discriminate between horses with ES and other skin tumors. Expression of eca-miR-100 and eca-miR-1 was not different between groups.Conclusions and clinical importanceSerum eca-miR-331 expression is neither sensitive nor specific enough as a single ES biomarker. If combined with other miRNAs, it may be helpful for ES diagnosis.
| S-EPMC7848377 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundEquine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) has been proposed as the aetiological cause of Theiler's disease, also known as serum hepatitis. EqPV-H-associated Theiler's disease has not been previously reported in Europe.ObjectivesTo determine whether EqPV-H infection was associated with a 2018-2019 outbreak of Theiler's disease in four horses on a studfarm.Study designDescriptive case series.MethodsThe medical records of four horses from the same farm diagnosed with fatal Theiler's disease were examined retrospectively. Information collected included a clinical history, physical examination findings, tetanus antitoxin exposure, serum biochemistry and necropsy reports. Liver tissue from all four horses was tested for EqPV-H using PCR and in situ hybridisation (ISH) assays.ResultsThree of the horses had a history of recent (7-11 weeks) tetanus antitoxin administration. Liver tissue from all four horses tested positive for EqPV-H with PCR. In situ hybridisation revealed a widespread distribution of viral nucleic acid in hepatocytes in one case, and a more sporadic distribution in the remaining three cases.Main limitationsCase controls were not available from the farm in question given the retrospective nature of analysis.ConclusionsThis case series documents the first reported EqPV-H-associated Theiler's disease in Europe and the first use of ISH to visualise the viral nucleic acid in liver tissues of horses with Theiler's disease.
| S-EPMC7483838 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Equine parvovirus-cerebrospinal fluid (EqPV-CSF) and eqcopivirus (EqCoPV) are new parvovirus species (EqPVs) identified from various tissues (CSF, blood, and respiratory swabs) in horses with neurologic and respiratory diseases. In this study, we described the prevalence rate of EqPV-CSF and EqCoPV in 133 and 77 serum and fecal samples, respectively, using polymerase chain reaction. Further, we analyzed the potential risk factors for infection. We calculated the nucleotide and amino acid similarity and constructed phylogenetic trees. There was a moderate-to-high prevalence rate (EqPV-CSF: 3.8%; EqCoPV 9.8%) of each virus in serum; moreover, age, country of foaling, and clinical colic signs were significantly associated with the EqPVs infection. The newly identified EqPV-CSF/EqCoPV genomes had high nucleotide and amino acid identities with previously isolated strains in the USA. In phylogenetic analysis, they clustered and formed a new subgroup in the genus Copiparvovirus. To our knowledge, this is the first field epidemiologic study on EqPV-CSF and EqCoPV using both serum and fecal samples. Our findings demonstrate the risk factors for infection and could facilitate the development of disease prevention strategies.
| S-EPMC8621016 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Since its first discovery by Arnold Theiler in 1918, serum hepatitis also known as Theiler's disease has been reported worldwide, causing idiopathic acute hepatitis and liver failure in horses. Recent studies have suggested a novel parvovirus, named equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H), to be associated with Theiler's disease. Despite the severity and potential fatality of EqPV-H infection, little is known about the possibility of developing chronic infections and putative cross-species infection of equine sister species. In the present longitudinal study, we employed qPCR analysis, serology, and biochemical testing as well as pathology examination of liver biopsies and sequence analysis to investigate potential chronic EqPV-H infection in an isolated study cohort of in total 124 horses from Germany over five years (2013-2018). Importantly, our data suggest that EqPV-H viremia can become chronic in infected horses that do not show biochemical and pathological signs of liver disease. Phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood model also confirms high sequence similarity and nucleotide conservation of the multidomain nuclear phosphoprotein NS1 sequences from equine serum samples collected between 2013-2018. Moreover, by examining human, zebra, and donkey sera for the presence of EqPV-H DNA and VP1 capsid protein antibodies, we found evidence for cross-species infection in donkey, but not to human and zebra. In conclusion, this study provides proof for the occurrence of persistent EqPV-H infection in asymptomatic horses and cross-species EqPV-H detection in donkeys.
| S-EPMC8402690 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) is a newly identified etiologic agent of Theiler's disease (TD). We present a case of EqPV-H-related fulminant hepatitis in a 14-year-old thoroughbred mare in Korea. The mare had acute hepatopathy and gastrointestinal symptoms, with abnormal liver-related blood parameters. The horse was born in the USA and imported to Korea in 2017, with no history of administration of equine biological products after entry into Korea. The horse was diagnosed with EqPV-H-associated hepatitis after abdominal ultrasonography, laparotomy, and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH) assays. The serum, nasal swab, oral swab, and liver biopsy were positive for EqPV-H according to the PCR assay. Genetic analysis of the partial NS1 gene of EqPV-H showed a unique nucleotide substitution, distinct from that in previously deposited strains. EqPV-H DNA was found not only in hepatocytes but also in bile duct epithelium and Kupffer cells, particularly via ISH. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of EqPV-H-associated TD in Asia, providing the first clinical evidence for viral shedding from the mouth and nose, and identification of EqPV-H in the liver. This study contributes to a better understanding of the pathological features of EqPV-H-associated TD.
| S-EPMC8541225 | biostudies-literature