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Basic epidemiology of wellbeing among children and adolescents: A cross-sectional population level study.

ABSTRACT: Wellbeing and mental health are fundamental rights of children and adolescents essential for sustainable development. Understanding the epidemiology of child and adolescent wellbeing is essential to informing population health approaches to improving wellbeing and preventing mental illness. The present study estimated the prevalence of wellbeing and how wellbeing indicators were distributed across social and economic groups. This study used data from the 2019 Wellbeing and Engagement Collection; an annual census conducted in South Australian schools that measures self-reported wellbeing in students aged 8-18 years (n = 75,966). We estimated the prevalence (n, %) of low, medium and high wellbeing across five outcomes: life satisfaction, optimism, sadness, worries and happiness, overall and stratified by gender, age, language background, socio-economic position and geographical remoteness. The prevalence of low wellbeing on each indicator was: happiness 13%, optimism 16%, life satisfaction 22%, sadness 16% and worries 25%. The prevalence of low wellbeing increased with age, particularly for females. For example, 22.5% of females aged 8-10 years had high levels of worries compared to 43.6% of 15 to 18-year old females. Socioeconomic inequality in wellbeing was evident on all indicators, with 19.5% of children in the most disadvantaged communities having high levels of sadness compared to 12.5% of children in the most advantaged communities. Many children and adolescents experience low wellbeing on one or more indicators (40.7%). The scale of this problem warrants a population-level preventative health response, in addition to a clinical, individual-level responses to acute mental health needs. Universal school-based programs that support social and emotional wellbeing have a role to play in this response but need to be supported by universal and targeted responses from outside of the education system.

SUBMITTER: Gregory T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8411221 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:IntroductionAdolescence is a critical period of life, and the level of wellbeing acquired during this stage might have an influence on health status in adulthood. The wellbeing of adolescents is associated with both biological and environmental determinants. To date, few studies have evaluated the effect of exposure to urban green spaces (i.e., greenness) on adolescents' wellbeing. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the association between exposure to greenness and the wellbeing of adolescents, accounting for the level of urbanization surrounding schools.MethodsIn the frame of the 2018 Italian Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC), we analyzed cross-sectional data from the Piedmont Region. Exposure to greenness was quantified by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Schools were geocoded, and a fixed buffer (radius 1,500 m) centered on each school was then built to enable average NDVI calculations. Adolescents' wellbeing was assessed by self-reported psychological, somatic, and psychosomatic health complaints as follows. Respondents were asked how often, in the last 6 months, they had experienced: (a) headache, (b) stomachache, (c) backache, (d) dizziness, (e) feeling low, (f) irritability or bad temper, (g) feeling nervous, and (h) difficulties getting to sleep using the HBSC Symptom Checklist (HBSC-SCL), an eight-item tool. Multivariable, multilevel logistic regression models tested the association between exposure to NDVI and psychosomatic, somatic, and psychological health complaints, one at a time, using schools as a random intercept.ResultsIn total, 2065 subjects (47.6% girls) aged 11 (48.4%) and 13 (51.6%) years were involved. Greenness was found to be inversely associated with reported psychosomatic (OR 0.72, 95% CI: 0.53-0.98) and psychological health complaints (OR 0.67, 95% CI: 0.49-0.92) in boys only, adjusting for age, urbanization level, and socioeconomic status, and stratifying by gender.DiscussionOur results support the implementation of future policies for urban environmental design supporting the increase of green spaces, as suggested by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Project description:BackgroundIn 2016, we performed a one-day investigation to analyze the prevalence of pain, pain intensity, and pain therapy in the Departments of Surgery and Onco-Hematology of the Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù. To improve the knowledge gap highlighted in the previous study, refresher courses and even personalized audits have been carried out during these years. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if, after 5 years, there have been improvements in the management of pain.MethodsThe study was conducted on 25 January 2020. Pain assessment, pain therapies, pain prevalence and intensity in the preceding 24 h and during the recovery period were recorded. Pain outcomes were compared with previous audit results.ResultsOut of the 63 children with at least one documented pain assessment (starting from 100 eligible), 35 (55.4%) experienced pain: 32 children (50.7%) experienced moderate /severe pain while 3 patients (4%) felt mild pain. In the preceding 24 h, 20 patients (31.7%) reported moderate/severe pain while 10 (16%) reported moderate or severe pain during the interview. The average value of the Pain Management Index (PMI) was - 1.3 ± 0.9 with a minimum of -3 and a maximum of 0. 28 patients (87%) undergoing analgesic therapy for moderate/severe pain had a PMI of less than 0 (undertreated pain), while 3 patients (13%) scored value of 0 or higher (adequate pain therapy), 4 patients (12.5%) received multimodal analgesia with opioids and 2 patients (6%) opioids alone. Time-based therapy was prescribed to 20 patients (62.5%), intermittent therapy was prescribed to 7 patients (22%) and 5 patients (15.5%) did not receive any therapy. The prevalence of pain was higher during hospitalization and 24 h before the interview, while at the time of the interview, the proportion was the same. In this audit, the daily prescription modality of the therapy had some improvements (time-based: 62.5% vs. 44%; intermittent: 22%vs 25%; no therapy: 15.5% vs. 31%).ConclusionPain management in hospitalized children constantly requires special daily attention from health professionals aimed at mitigating the components of intractable pain and resolving those of treatable pain.Trial registrationThis study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number (NCT04209764), registered 24 December 2019, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04209764?term=NCT04209764&draw=2&rank=1 .

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Basic epidemiology of wellbeing among children and adolescents: A cross-sectional population level study.

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