The Effects of Maternal Smoking on Pregnancy and Offspring: Possible Role for EGF?
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Janbazacyabar H
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8415274 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:ObjectiveTo evaluate the possible association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring outcomes of birth weight, pre-term birth, remediation, low scholastic achievement, regular smoking, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct problems while controlling for similar behaviors in parents.MethodsUsing telephone interviews, data were collected, in 2001 and 2004, as a part of two United States offspring-of-twins projects. Fathers, who were twins participating in the Vietnam Era Twin Registry, their female spouse and their offspring were interviewed - information on 1,342 unique pregnancies in mothers with a history of regular smoking was utilized for these analyses. The association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and birth weight, pre-term birth, remediation, low scholastic achievement, regular smoking, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder while controlling for similar behaviors in parents, was examined using regression.ResultsMaternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with decreased birth weight, low scholastic achievement, regular smoking and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was explained by maternal attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was also associated with earlier age of offspring initiation of smoking and onset of regular smoking.ConclusionsMaternal smoking during pregnancy may influence certain offspring outcomes via mechanisms that are independent from genetic risk attributable to comorbid conditions. Assisting expecting mothers with their smoking cessation efforts will likely provide widespread health benefits to both mother and offspring.
| S-EPMC2813884 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To assess whether associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring smoking initiation are due to intrauterine mechanisms.Comparison of associations of maternal and partner smoking behaviour during pregnancy with offspring smoking initiation using partner smoking as a negative control (n?=?6484) and a Mendelian randomization analysis (n?=?1020), using a genetic variant in the mothers as a proxy for smoking cessation during pregnancy.A longitudinal birth cohort in South West England.Participants of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).Smoking status during pregnancy was self-reported by mother and partner in questionnaires administered at pregnancy. Latent classes of offspring smoking initiation (non-smokers, experimenters, late-onset regular smokers and early-onset regular smokers) were previously developed from questionnaires administered at 14-16 years. A genetic variant, rs1051730, was genotyped in the mothers.Both mother and partner smoking were similarly positively associated with offspring smoking initiation classes, even after adjustment for confounders. Odds ratios (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] for class membership compared with non-smokers were: experimenters: mother OR?=?1.33 (95% CI?=?1.06, 1.67), partner OR?=?1.28 (95% CI?=?1.06, 1.55), late-onset regular smokers: mother OR?=?1.80 (95% CI?=?1.43, 2.26), partner OR?=?1.86 (95% CI?=?1.52, 2.28) and early-onset regular smokers: mother OR?=?2.89 (95% CI?=?2.12, 3.94), partner OR?=?2.50 (95% CI?=?1.85, 3.37). There was no clear evidence for a dose-response effect of either mother or partner smoking heaviness on class membership. Maternal rs1051730 genotype was not clearly associated with offspring smoking initiation class in pre-pregnancy smokers (P?=?0.35).The association between smoking during pregnancy and offspring smoking initiation does not appear to operate through intrauterine mechanisms.
| S-EPMC4114534 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Studies of maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) suggest increased risk for cognitive impairment and psychiatric outcomes. However, it is uncertain whether these associations are the direct result of MSDP or related to confounding familial variables associated with MSDP. The current study employed propensity score analysis to examine the effects of MSDP on offspring EXT using data from a large sample of 979 unrelated mothers. Logistic regression models were used to determine the propensity that the offspring of these mothers were likely to be exposed to MSDP [i.e., smoked during only the first trimester (MSDP-EARLY[E]) or smoked throughout their pregnancy (MSDP-THROUGHOUT[T])] given known familial confounders. Analyses focused on the effect of MSDP-E/T on the EXT behavior in offspring of these mothers (N = 1616) were conducted across the distribution of liability for MSDP-E/T and at different levels of risk for MSDP-E/T. MSDP-E/T was associated with offspring EXT problems, but the effects were partly confounded by the familial liability for MSDP. Further, the observed effects were not consistent across all levels of the MSDP risk distribution. These findings suggest a direct association between MSDP and offspring EXT behaviors, and that varied associations observed across studies may be the result of differences in the level of familial confounders that also have an effect on offspring EXT.
| S-EPMC4860102 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Prenatal smoking exposure affects fetal growth and development and is associated with increased risk of various neurodevelopmental disorders. Only one previous study has examined the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of bipolar disorder (BPD). METHODS:In this nested case control study derived from all singleton live births in Finland between January 1st 1987 and December 31st 1998, we identified 724 children diagnosed and/or treated with BPD until 2008 and 1419 matched controls from four nationwide registers. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and BPD adjusting for potential confounding due to parental psychiatric history, maternal age and education level. RESULTS:18.5% of offspring were exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy. In the unadjusted analysis, smoking during pregnancy was associated with a 1.41-fold (95% CI 1.12-1.79, P=0.004) increased risk of BPD. In the final model adjusting for potential covariates, the risk was 1.14-fold (95% CI 0.88-1.49, P=0.323). LIMITATIONS:The limitations of this study include: hospital based clinical diagnosis for case ascertainment, inclusion of early onset BPD cases, and lack of information on alcohol or other substance abuse during pregnancy. CONCLUSION:This study demonstrated that, in this sample, an increased risk of BPD among offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy is most likely due to confounding by familial background factors. Future studies including information on serological measures of smoking exposure in pregnancy e.g. cotinine are warranted to further clarify this association.
| S-EPMC4253972 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Maternal smoking in pregnancy (MSP) has been associated with DNA methylation in specific CpG sites (CpGs) in infants and children. We investigated whether MSP, independent of own personal active smoking, was associated with midlife DNA methylation in CpGs that were previously identified in studies of MSP-DNA methylation in children. We used data on MSP collected from pregnant mothers of 89 adult women born in 1959-1964 and measured DNA methylation in blood (granulocytes) collected in 2001-2007 (mean age: 43 years). Seventeen CpGs were differentially methylated by MSP, with multiple CpGs mapping to CYP1A1, MYO1G, AHRR, and GFI1. These associations were consistent in direction with prior studies (e.g., MSP associated with more and less methylation in AHRR and CYP1A1, respectively) and, with the exception of AHRR CpGs, were not substantially altered by adjustment for active smoking. These preliminary results confirm prior prospective reports that MSP influences the offspring DNA methylation, and extends the timeframe to midlife, and suggest that these effects may persist into adulthood, independently of active smoking.
| S-EPMC5873358 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundExisting evidence on the link between smoking and appendicitis is scarce and ambiguous. We therefore conducted a population-based cohort study in Denmark to investigate whether smoking during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of appendicitis in offspring.MethodsWe used the Danish Birth Registry to include all singletons born during 1991-2017 and to identify maternal smoking status during pregnancy. We followed the children from birth until date of appendicitis, emigration, death, or administrative end of study (31 December 2018), whichever came first. We calculated crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of appendicitis with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy to children of nonsmokers. Further, we conducted a bias analysis and sibling analysis.ResultsWe included 1,659,526 singletons of whom 19% were born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy. After maximum 28 years of follow-up, hazard rates for children of smokers were slightly higher than for children of nonsmokers [adjusted HR: 1.07 (95% CI = 1.04, 1.10)]. Stratification by sex revealed no association for males [adjusted HR: 1.02 (95% CI = 0.99, 1.06)], but a higher HR for females [adjusted HR: 1.13 (95% CI = 1.09, 1.18)]. This association increased with increasing length of follow-up, indicating that the association may be mediated by later-life exposures. The bias analysis indicated that misclassification of maternal smoking could attenuate a true association, while the sibling analysis showed no association.ConclusionsMaternal smoking during pregnancy and appendicitis in the offspring may be associated.
| S-EPMC9891296 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveMaternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) has been associated with offspring internalizing and externalizing disorders. The purpose of this research is to examine whether MSDP is also associated with variations in normal personality traits in childhood and adulthood.MethodThis study uses four independent samples (total N = 16,323) to examine whether there are mean-level differences in offspring personality traits by MSDP, controlling for relevant sociodemographic factors. Two samples are of children (Ns = 3,782 and 3,841) and two samples are of adults (Ns = 1,786 and 6,914).ResultsA meta-analysis across the four samples indicated that offspring of mothers who did smoke during pregnancy scored higher in Neuroticism (p = .000) and Extraversion (p = .003) and lower in Conscientiousness (p = .002) than offspring of mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy. The association between MSDP and Neuroticism and Conscientiousness held across both childhood and adulthood and when propensity score matching was used, whereas the association with Extraversion was only apparent in adulthood and did not hold with propensity scores.ConclusionsThese results suggest that MSDP is associated with individual differences in psychological traits in childhood and adulthood and may be one prenatal factor that contributes to trait Neuroticism and Conscientiousness.
| S-EPMC5817044 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ImportanceSeveral recent population-based studies have linked exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy to increased risk of severe mental illness in offspring (eg, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia). It is not yet clear, however, whether this association results from causal teratogenic effects or from confounding influences shared by smoking and severe mental illness.ObjectiveTo examine the association between smoking during pregnancy and severe mental illness in offspring, adjusting for measured covariates and unmeasured confounding using family-based designs.Design, setting, and participantsThis study analyzed population register data through December 31, 2013, for a cohort of 1 680 219 individuals born in Sweden from January 1, 1983, to December 31, 2001. Associations between smoking during pregnancy and severe mental illness in offspring were estimated with adjustment for measured covariates. Cousins and siblings who were discordant on smoking during pregnancy and severe mental illness were then compared, which helped to account for unmeasured genetic and environmental confounding by design.ExposuresMaternal self-reported smoking during pregnancy, obtained from antenatal visits.Main outcomes and measuresSevere mental illness, with clinical diagnosis obtained from inpatient and outpatient visits and defined using International Classification of Diseases codes for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia spectrum disorders.ResultsOf the 1 680 219 offspring included in the analysis, 816 775 (48.61%) were female. At the population level, offspring exposed to moderate and high levels of smoking during pregnancy had greater severe mental illness rates than did unexposed offspring (moderate smoking during pregnancy: hazard ratio [HR], 1.25; 95% CI, 1.19-1.30; high smoking during pregnancy: HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.44-1.59). These associations decreased in strength with increasing statistical and methodologic controls for familial confounding. In sibling comparisons with within-family covariates, associations were substantially weaker and nonsignificant (moderate smoking during pregnancy: HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.94-1.26; high smoking during pregnancy: HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.96-1.35). The pattern of associations was consistent across subsets of severe mental illness disorders and was supported by further sensitivity analyses.Conclusions and relevanceThis population- and family-based study failed to find support for a causal effect of smoking during pregnancy on risk of severe mental illness in offspring. Rather, these results suggest that much of the observed population-level association can be explained by measured and unmeasured factors shared by siblings.
| S-EPMC5539841 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with reduced offspring birth length and has been postulated as a risk factor for obesity. Causality for obesity is not established. Causality is well-supported for birth length, but evidence on persistence of height deficits is inconsistent. METHODS:We examined the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and trajectories of offspring height (0-10 years, N?=?9424), ponderal index (PI) (0-2 years, N?=?9321) and body mass index (BMI) (2-10 years, N?=?8887) in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. To strengthen inference, measured confounders were controlled for, maternal and partner smoking associations were compared, dose-response and associations with post-natal smoking were examined. RESULTS:Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with shorter birth length, faster height growth in infancy and slower growth in later childhood. By 10 years, daughters of women who smoke during pregnancy are on average 1.11?cm (SE?=?0.27) shorter after adjustment for confounders and partner smoking; the difference is 0.22 cm (SE?=?0.22) for partner's smoking. Maternal smoking was associated with lower PI at birth, faster PI increase in infancy, but not with BMI changes 2-10 years. Associations were stronger for maternal than partner smoking for PI at birth and PI changes in infancy, but not for BMI changes after 2 years. A similar dose-response in both maternal and partner smoking was seen for BMI change 2-10 years. CONCLUSION:Maternal smoking during pregnancy has an intrauterine effect on birth length, and possibly on adiposity at birth and changes in height and adiposity in infancy. We do not find evidence of a specific intrauterine effect on height or adiposity changes after the age of 2 years.
| S-EPMC3396309 | biostudies-literature
Project description:RATIONALE:Infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy demonstrate lifelong decreases in pulmonary function. DNA methylation changes associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy have been described in placenta and cord blood at delivery, in fetal lung, and in buccal epithelium and blood during childhood. We demonstrated in a randomized clinical trial ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT00632476) that vitamin C supplementation to pregnant smokers can lessen the impact of maternal smoking on offspring pulmonary function and decrease the incidence of wheeze at 1 year of age. OBJECTIVES:To determine whether vitamin C supplementation reduces changes in offspring methylation in response to maternal smoking and whether methylation at specific CpGs is also associated with respiratory outcomes. METHODS:Targeted bisulfite sequencing was performed with a subset of placentas, cord blood samples, and buccal samples collected during the NCT00632476 trial followed by independent validation of selected cord blood differentially methylated regions, using bisulfite amplicon sequencing. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:The majority (69.03%) of CpGs with at least 10% methylation difference between placebo and nonsmoker groups were restored (by at least 50%) toward nonsmoker levels with vitamin C treatment. A significant proportion of restored CpGs were associated with phenotypic outcome with greater enrichment among hypomethylated CpGs. CONCLUSIONS:We identified a pattern of normalization in DNA methylation by vitamin C supplementation across multiple loci. The consistency of this pattern across tissues and time suggests a systemic and persistent effect on offspring DNA methylation. Further work is necessary to determine how genome-wide changes in DNA methylation may mediate or reflect persistent effects of maternal smoking on lung function.
| S-EPMC5620677 | biostudies-literature