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Cloning capacity helps seeds of Garcinia xanthochymus counter animal predation.

ABSTRACT: Seed predators have the potential to act as agents of natural selection that influence seed traits and seed fates, which in turn affect the whole plant population dynamic. Accordingly, plants deploy a variety of mechanisms (e.g., resistance and tolerance strategies) to lessen the impact of predation on seed crop or on an individual seed. In this study, we described a novel mechanism, seed cloning strategy, in a tropical plant species in countering animal predation. By conducting field- and laboratory-based germination experiments, we found that both rodent damaged and artificially damaged seed fragments of a large-seeded tree Garcinia xanthochymus (Clusiaceae) could successfully germinate and establish as seedlings. Tissue culture experiments revealed that G. xanthochymus has no endosperm in seeds, and its seed fragments own strong capacity of differentiation and cloning. Seed damage negatively affected seedling growth and germination, but the seed germination rate was remarkably high. Our study suggests that, seed cloning capacity, adopted by the large-seeded tree G. xanthochymus may act as a novel strategy counteract for seed predation and would play a significant role in stabilizing the mutualism between plant and animals.

SUBMITTER: Wang ZY

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8462166 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Garcinia xanthochymus

Project description:Garcinia xanthochymus overview

| PRJNA1118886 | ENA

Garcinia xanthochymus

Project description:Garcinia xanthochymus Raw sequence reads

| PRJNA1110854 | ENA

Garcienone, a Novel Compound Involved in Allelopathic Activity of <i>Garcinia Xanthochymus</i> Hook.

Project description:Plants are sources of diversified allelopathic substances that can be investigated for use in eco-friendly and efficient herbicides. An aqueous methanol extract from the leaves of Garcinia xanthochymus exhibited strong inhibitory activity against barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.), foxtail fescue (Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and cress (Lepidium sativum L.), and appears to be a promising source of allelopathic substances. Hence, bio-activity guided purification of the extract through a series of column chromatography steps yielded a novel compound assigned as garcienone ((R, E)-5-hydroxy-5-((6S, 9S)-6-methyl-9-(prop-13-en-10-yl) tetrahydrofuran-6-yl) pent-3-en-2-one). Garcienone significantly inhibited the growth of cress at a concentration of 10 μM. The concentrations resulting in 50% growth inhibition (I50) of cress roots and shoots were 120.5 and 156.3 μM, respectively. This report is the first to isolate and identify garcienone and to determine its allelopathic potential.

| S-EPMC6784076 | biostudies-literature

Cytotoxic Isopentenyl Phloroglucinol Compounds from <i>Garcinia xanthochymus</i> Using LC-MS-Based Metabolomics.

Project description:Many unique chemical metabolites with significant antitumor activities have been isolated from Garcinia species and have become a leading hotspot of antitumor research in recent years. The aim of this study was to identify bioactive compounds from different plant parts (leaf, branch, stem bark, fruit, and seed) of G. xanthochymus through combining LC-MS-based metabolomics with cytotoxicity assays. As a result, 70% methanol seed extract exerted significant cytotoxic effects on five human cancer cell types (HL-60, A549, SMMC-7721, MDA-MB-231, and SW480). LC-MS-based metabolomics analysis was used, including principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), in order to identify 12 potential markers from seed extract that may relate to bioactivity. LC-MS guidance isolated the markers to obtain three compounds and identified new isopentenyl phloroglucinols (1-3, named garxanthochin A-C), using spectroscopic methods. Among them, garxanthochin B (2) demonstrated moderate inhibitory activities against five human cancer cell types, with IC50 values of 14.71~24.43 μM. These findings indicate that G. xanthochymus seed has significant cytotoxic activity against cancer cells and garxanthochin B has potential applications in the development of antitumor-led natural compounds.

| S-EPMC9964469 | biostudies-literature

Garcinia xanthochymus Benzophenones Promote Hyphal Apoptosis and Potentiate Activity of Fluconazole against Candida albicans Biofilms.

Project description:Xanthochymol and garcinol, isoprenylated benzophenones purified from Garcinia xanthochymus fruits, showed multiple activities against Candida albicans biofilms. Both compounds effectively prevented emergence of fungal germ tubes and were also cytostatic, with MICs of 1 to 3 μM. The compounds therefore inhibited development of hyphae and subsequent biofilm maturation. Xanthochymol treatment of developing and mature biofilms induced cell death. In early biofilm development, killing had the characteristics of apoptosis, including externalization of phosphatidyl serine and DNA fragmentation, as evidenced by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) fluorescence. These activities resulted in failure of biofilm maturation and hyphal death in mature biofilms. In mature biofilms, xanthochymol and garcinol caused the death of biofilm hyphae, with 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) of 30 to 50 μM. Additionally, xanthochymol-mediated killing was complementary with fluconazole against mature biofilms, reducing the fluconazole EC50 from >1,024 μg/ml to 13 μg/ml. Therefore, xanthochymol has potential as an adjuvant for antifungal treatments as well as in studies of fungal apoptosis.

| S-EPMC4576022 | biostudies-literature

Biogenesis of antibacterial silver nanoparticles using the endophytic bacterium Bacillus cereus isolated from Garcinia xanthochymus.

Project description:ObjectiveTo synthesize the ecofriendly nanoparticles, which is viewed as an alternative to the chemical method which initiated the use of microbes like bacteria and fungi in their synthesis.MethodsThe current study uses the endophytic bacterium Bacillus cereus isolated from the Garcinia xanthochymus to synthesize the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The AgNPs were synthesized by reduction of silver nitrate solution by the endophytic bacterium after incubation for 3-5 d at room temperature. The synthesis was initially observed by colour change from pale white to brown which was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The AgNPs were further characterized using FTIR, SEM-EDX and TEM analyses.ResultsThe synthesized nanoparticles were found to be spherical with the size in the range of 20-40 nm which showed a slight aggregation. The energy-dispersive spectra of the nanoparticle dispersion confirmed the presence of elemental silver. The AgNPs were found to have antibacterial activity against a few pathogenic bacteria like Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae.ConclusionsThe endophytic bacteria identified as Bacillus cereus was able to synthesize silver nanoparticles with potential antibacterial activity.

| S-EPMC3621471 | biostudies-literature

Empty seeds are not always bad: simultaneous effect of seed emptiness and masting on animal seed predation.

Project description:Seed masting and production of empty seeds have often been considered independently as different strategies to reduce seed predation by animals. Here, we integrate both phenomena within the whole assemblage of seed predators (both pre and post-dispersal) and in two contrasting microsites (open vs. sheltered) to improve our understanding of the factors controlling seed predation in a wind-dispersed tree (Ulmus laevis). In years with larger crop sizes more avian seed predators were attracted with an increase in the proportion of full seeds predated on the ground. However, for abundant crops, the presence of empty seeds decreased the proportion of full seeds predated. Empty seeds remained for a very long period in the tree, making location of full seeds more difficult for pre-dispersal predators and expanding the overall seed drop period at a very low cost (in dry biomass and allocation of C, N and P). Parthenocarpy (non-fertilized seeds) was the main cause of seed emptiness whereas seed abortion was produced in low quantity. These aborted seeds fell prematurely and, thus, could not work as deceptive seeds. A proportion of 50% empty seeds significantly reduced ground seed predation by 26%. However, a high rate of parthenocarpy (beyond 50% empty seeds) did not significantly reduce seed predation in comparison to 50% empty seeds. We also found a high variability and unpredictability in the production of empty seeds, both at tree and population level, making predator deception more effective. Open areas were especially important to facilitate seed survival since rodents (the main post-dispersal predators) consumed seeds mostly under shrub cover. In elm trees parthenocarpy is a common event that might work as an adaptive strategy to reduce seed predation. Masting per se did not apparently reduce the overall proportion of seeds predated in this wind-dispersed tree, but kept great numbers of seeds unconsumed.

| S-EPMC3679161 | biostudies-literature

Discovery of Novel Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols from the Fruits of Garcinia xanthochymus as Antitumor Agents by Suppressing the STAT3 Signaling.

Project description:Pharmacologic studies have revealed that polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs) collectively exhibit a broad range of biological activities, including antineoplastic potential. Here, six new PPAPs, named garcixanthochymones F-K (3, 5, 7, 8, 11, and 15), together with nine known analogues were isolated from the fruits of Garcinia xanthochymus. Their structures were elucidated based on the spectroscopic data, including UV, HRESIMS, and NMR, and quantum chemical calculations. All the isolated PPAPs were tested for anti-proliferative activity against four human tumor cell lines, including SGC7901, A549, HepG2, and MCF-7. Most of the PPAPs possessed high anti-proliferative activity with IC50 values in the range of 0.89 to 36.98 μM, and significant apoptosis was observed in MCF-7 cells exposed to compounds 2 and 5. Besides, docking results showed that compounds 2 and 5 could strongly combine with the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of STAT3 via hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction, which is one of the key oncogenes and crucial therapeutic targets. Furthermore, compounds 2 and 5 efficiently downregulated the expression of p-STAT3Tyr705 and pivotal effector proteins involved in oncogenic signaling pathways of MCF-7 cells.

| S-EPMC8508737 | biostudies-literature

Xanthones from the Bark of Garcinia xanthochymus and the Mechanism of Induced Apoptosis in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2 Cells via the Mitochondrial Pathway.

Project description:Xanthones are important chemical constituents of Garcinia xanthochymus and varied bioactivities including cytotoxicity. However, their anti-tumor mechanism has remained unknown. Here, we isolated and identified a new xanthone named garciniaxanthone I (1) and five known compounds from the bark of G. xanthochymus. Their structures were elucidated by NMR analysis and HRESIMS. The anti-proliferation activities of all isolated compounds were evaluated on four human tumor cell lines (HepG2, A549, SGC7901, MCF-7). The results demonstrated that the anti-proliferation activity of xanthone was related to the number and location of prenyl groups. We further found that garciniaxanthone I (GXI) could induce HepG2 apoptosis and enhance the expression of cleaved caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3. GXI could also increase Bax level and concurrently reduce the overexpression of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Mcl-1, and surviving in HepG2 cells. Moreover, GXI could inhibit cell migration of HepG2 cells by inhibiting the expressions of MMP-7 and MMP-9. In summary, our study suggests that GXI could induce HepG2 apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway and might become a lead compound for liver cancer treatment.

| S-EPMC6801373 | biostudies-literature

Heliorhodopsin Helps Photolyase to Enhance the DNA Repair Capacity.

Project description:Light quality is a significant factor for living organisms that have photosensory systems, such as rhodopsin, a seven alpha-helical transmembrane protein with the retinal chromophore. Here, we report, for the first time, the function of new rhodopsin, which is an inverted 7-transmembrane protein, isolated from Trichococcus flocculiformis. T. flocculiformis heliorhodopsin (TfHeR) works as a regulatory helper rhodopsin that binds with class 2 cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPDII) photolyase to broaden the spectrum and upregulate DNA repair activity. We have confirmed their interaction through isothermal titration calorimetry (dissociation constant of 21.7 μM) and identified the charged residues for the interaction. Based on in vivo and in vitro experiments, we showed that the binding of heliorhodopsin with photolyase improved photolyase activity by about 3-fold to repair UV-caused DNA damage. Also, the DNA repair activity of TfHeR/T. flocculiformis photolyase (TfPHR) was observed in the presence of green light. Our results suggested that heliorhodopsin directly controls the activity of photolyase and coevolves to broaden the activity spectrum by protein-protein interaction. IMPORTANCE This study reports a function for Heliorhodopsin working as a regulatory helper rhodopsin that with CPDII photolyase to broaden the spectrum and upregulating the DNA repair activity. Our results suggested that heliorhodopsin directly controls photolyase activity and coevolves to broaden the DNA repair capacity by protein-protein interaction.

| S-EPMC9769723 | biostudies-literature

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