Metal bioaccumulation alleviates the negative effects of herbivory on plant growth.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Dueli GF
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8463685 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Plants are attacked by many different consumers. A critical question is how often, and under what conditions, common reductions in growth, fecundity or even survival that occur due to herbivory translate to meaningful impacts on abundance, distribution or dynamics of plant populations. Here, we review population-level studies of the effects of consumers on plant dynamics and evaluate: (i) whether particular consumers have predictably more or less influence on plant abundance, (ii) whether particular plant life-history types are predictably more vulnerable to herbivory at the population level, (iii) whether the strength of plant-consumer interactions shifts predictably across environmental gradients and (iv) the role of consumers in influencing plant distributional limits. Existing studies demonstrate numerous examples of consumers limiting local plant abundance and distribution. We found larger effects of consumers on grassland than woodland forbs, stronger effects of herbivory in areas with high versus low disturbance, but no systematic or unambiguous differences in the impact of consumers based on plant life-history or herbivore feeding mode. However, our ability to evaluate these and other patterns is limited by the small (but growing) number of studies in this area. As an impetus for further study, we review strengths and challenges of population-level studies, such as interpreting net impacts of consumers in the presence of density dependence and seed bank dynamics.
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Project description:Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) not only promote growth and heavy metal uptake by plants but are promising biosorbents for heavy metals remediation. However, there exist arguments over whether extracellular adsorption (biosorption) or intracellular accumulation (bioaccumulation) play dominant roles in Cd(ii) adsorption. Therefore, three cadmium-resistant PGPR, Cupriavidus necator GX_5, Sphingomonas sp. GX_15, and Curtobacterium sp. GX_31 were used to study bioaccumulation and biosorption mechanisms under different initial Cd(ii) concentrations, using batch adsorption experiments, desorption experiments, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In this study, with the increase of the initial Cd(ii) concentrations, the removal efficiency of strains decreased and the adsorption capacity improved. The highest Cd(ii) removal efficiency values were 25.05%, 53.88%, and 86.06% for GX_5, GX_15, and GX_31 with 20 mg l-1 of Cd(ii), while the maximum adsorption capacity values were 7.97, 17.13, and 26.43 mg g-1 of GX_5, GX_15, and GX_31 with 100 mg l-1 of Cd(ii). Meanwhile, the removal efficiency and adsorption capacity could be ordered as GX_31 > GX_15 > GX_5. The dominant adsorption mechanism for GX_5 was bioaccumulation (50.66-60.38%), while the dominant mechanisms for GX_15 and GX_31 were biosorptions (60.29-64.89% and 75.93-79.45%, respectively). The bioaccumulation and biosorption mechanisms were verified by SEM-EDX, TEM and FTIR spectroscopy. These investigations could provide a more comprehensive understanding of metal-bacteria sorption reactions as well as practical application in remediation of heavy metals.
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Project description:The origin of herbivory in the Carboniferous was a landmark event in the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems, increasing ecological diversity in animals but also giving them greater influence on the evolution of land plants. We evaluate the effect of early vertebrate herbivory on plant evolution by comparing local species richness of plant palaeofloras with that of vertebrate herbivores and herbivore body size. Vertebrate herbivores became diverse and achieved a much greater range of body sizes across the Carboniferous-Permian transition interval. This coincides with an abrupt reduction in local plant richness that persists throughout the Permian. Time-series regression analysis supports a negative relationship of plant richness with herbivore richness but a positive relationship of plant richness with minimum herbivore body size. This is consistent with studies of present-day ecosystems in which increased diversity of smaller, more selective herbivores places greater predation pressures on plants, while a prevalence of larger bodied, less selective herbivores reduces the dominance of a few highly tolerant plant species, thereby promoting greater local richness. The diversification of herbivores across the Carboniferous-Permian boundary, along with the appearance of smaller, more selective herbivores like bolosaurid parareptiles, constrained plant diversity throughout the Permian. These findings demonstrate that the establishment of widespread vertebrate herbivory has structured plant communities since the late Palaeozoic, as expected from examination of modern ecosystems, and illustrates the potential for fossil datasets in testing palaeoecological hypotheses.
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Project description:Dispersal is a key process in community assembly but is often considered separately from downstream assembly processes (e.g., competition, herbivory). However, dispersal varies by species and can interact with other assembly processes through establishment as species enter communities. Here, we sought to distinguish the role of dispersal in community assembly and its interaction with two biotic assembly processes: competition and herbivory. We used a tallgrass prairie restoration experiment that manipulated the competitive and herbivore environments while allowing for natural dispersal and establishment from a diverse regional species pool into areas of low diversity. Dispersal, competition, and herbivory all influenced local communities. By tracking the spread of four target species across the plots, we found interspecific and intraspecific differences in establishment patterns, with herbivores influencing the number of individuals present and the distances species moved. At the community level, only dispersal and competition significantly influenced alpha diversity, but all three processes additively influenced community composition. There was also evidence of herbivore-competition and herbivore-colonization trade-offs in our experiment. Some species that could tolerate herbivory were less likely to establish in competitive environments, while others that could tolerate herbivory were more likely to disperse greater distances. More work is needed to understand the contexts under which dispersal variation affects community assembly and its synergy with other processes.
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Project description:The increasing heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils has become a serious concern across the globe. The present study envisages developing microbial inoculant approach for agriculture in Zn contaminated soils. Potential zinc tolerant bacteria (ZTB) were isolated from zinc (Zn) contaminated soils of southern Rajasthan, India. Isolates were further screened based on their efficiency towards Zn tolerance and plant growth promoting activities. Four strains viz. ZTB15, ZTB24, ZTB28 and ZTB29 exhibited high degree of tolerance to Zn up to 62.5 mM. The Zn accumulation by these bacterial strains was also evidenced by AAS and SEM-EDS studies. Assessment of various plant growth promotion traits viz., IAA, GA3, NH3, HCN, siderophores, ACC deaminase, phytase production and P, K, Si solubilization studies revealed that these ZTB strains may serve as an efficient plant growth promoter under in vitro conditions. Gluconic acid secreted by ZTB strains owing to mineral solubilization was therefore confirmed using high performance liquid chromatography. A pot experiment under Zn stress conditions was performed using maize (Zea mays) variety (FEM-2) as a test crop. Zn toxicity reduced various plant growth parameters; however, inoculation of ZTB strains alleviated the Zn toxicity and enhanced the plant growth parameters. The effects of Zn stress on antioxidant enzyme activities in maize under in vitro conditions were also investigated. An increase in superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase activity was observed on inoculation of ZTB strains. Further, ZIP gene expression studies revealed high expression in the ZIP metal transporter genes which were declined in the ZTB treated maize plantlets. The findings from the present study revealed that ZTB could play an important role in bioremediation in Zn contaminated soils.
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Project description:Most plants are subjected to damage from multiple species of herbivores, and the combined impact on plant growth can be non-additive. Since plant response to herbivores tends to be species specific, and change with repeated damage, the outcome likely depend on the sequence and number of attacks. There is a high likelihood of non-additive effects on plant growth by damage from mammals and insects, as mammalian herbivory can alter insect herbivore damage levels, yet few studies have explored this. We report the growth response of young Scots pine trees to sequential mammal and insect herbivory, varying the sequence and number of damage events, using an ungulate-pine-sawfly system. Combined sawfly and ungulate herbivory had both additive and non-additive effects on pine growth-the growth response depended on the combination of ungulate browsing and sawfly defoliation (significant interaction effect). Repeated sawfly herbivory reduced growth (compared to single defoliation) on un-browsed trees. However, on browsed trees, depending on when sawfly defoliation was combined with browsing, trees exposed to repeated sawfly herbivory had both higher, lower and the same growth as trees exposed to a single defoliation event. We conclude that the sequence of attacks by multiple herbivores determine plant growth response.
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Project description:Shipping has increased dramatically in recent decades and oysters can hear them. We studied the interaction between noise pollution and trace metal contamination in the oyster Magallana gigas. Four oyster-groups were studied during a 14-day exposure period. Two were exposed to cadmium in the presence of cargo ship-noise ([Cd++]w ? 0.5 ?g?L-1; maximum sound pressure level 150 dBrms re 1 ?Pa), and 2 were exposed only to cadmium. The Cd concentration in the gills ([Cd]g) and the digestive gland ([Cd]dg), the valve closure duration, number of valve closures and circadian distribution of opening and closure, the daily shell growth-rate and the expression of 19 genes in the gills were studied. Oysters exposed to Cd in the presence of cargo ship-noise accumulated 2.5 times less Cd in their gills than did the controls without ship noise and their growth rate was 2.6 times slower. In the presence of ship noise, oysters were closed more during the daytime, and their daily valve activity was reduced. Changes in gene activity in the gills were observed in 7 genes when the Cd was associated with the ship noise. In the absence of ship noise, a change in expression was measured in 4 genes. We conclude that chronic exposure to cargo ship noise has a depressant effect on the activity in oysters, including on the volume of the water flowing over their gills (Vw). In turn, a decrease in the Vw and valve-opening duration limited metal exposure and uptake by the gills but also limited food uptake. This latter conclusion would explain the slowing observed in the fat metabolism and growth rate. Thus, we propose that cargo ship noise exposure could protect against metal bioaccumulation and affect the growth rate. This latter conclusion points towards a potential risk in terms of ecosystem productivity.
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