Personalized Diet in Obesity: A Quasi-Experimental Study on Fat Mass and Fat-Free Mass Changes.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Garcia-Galbis MR
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8469514 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Fat-mass and obesity-associated protein (Fto) is highly expressed in the brain including, the hippocampus, and its expression is significantly decreased in the brain of Alzheimer's disease patients. In the present study, we measured Fto immunoreactivity and protein levels in the hippocampus of obese and aged mice, which were induced by high-fat diet for 12 weeks and D-galactose treatment for 10 weeks, respectively. The obesity and aging phenotypes were assessed by physiological parameters and Morris water maze test, respectively. High fat diet fed mice showed significant increases in body weight and blood glucose levels compared to that in the control or D-galactose-induced aged mice. In addition, treatment with D-galactose significantly decreased the spatial memory. Fto immunoreactivity in the control group was mainly detected in the pyramidal cells of the CA1 and CA3 regions and in the granule cells of the dentate gyrus. In the hippocampus of high-fat diet-fed mice, Fto immunoreactive structures were similarly found in the hippocampus compared to that in the control group, but Fto immunoreactivity in high-fat diet-fed mice was also found in the stratum oriens and radiatum of the CA1 and CA3 regions and the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus. In the hippocampus of D-galactose-induced aged mice, fewer Fto immunoreactive structures were detected in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus compared to the control group. Fto mRNA and protein levels based on quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot assays were slightly increased in the hippocampus of high-fat diet-fed mice compared to that in control mice. In addition, Fto mRNA and protein levels were significantly decreased in the aged hippocampus compared to that in the control group. Fto protein levels are susceptible to the aging process, but not in the hippocampus of high-fat diet-induced obesity. The reduction of Fto in aged mice may be associated with reduced memory impairment in mice.
| S-EPMC7336480 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundA high amount of adipose tissue limits the accuracy of methods for body composition analysis in obesity.ObjectivesThe aim was to quantify and explain differences in fat-free mass (FFM) (as an index of skeletal muscle mass, SMM) measured with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), air displacement plethysmography (ADP), and deuterium dilution in comparison to multicompartment models, and to improve the results of BIA for obese subjects.MethodsIn 175 healthy subjects (87 men and 88 women, BMI 20-43.3 kg/m2, 18-65 years), FFM measured by these methods was compared with results from a 3- (3C) and a 4-compartment (4C) model. FFM4C was compared with SMM measured by magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsBIA and DXA overestimated and ADP underestimated FFM in comparison to 3C and 4C models with increasing BMI (all p < 0.001). -Differences were largest for DXA. In obesity, BIA results were improved: valuecorrected = -valueuncorrected - a(BMI - 30 kg/m2), a = 0.256 for FFM and a = 0.298 for SMM. SMM accounts for 45% of FFM in women and 49% in men.ConclusionsIn obesity, the use of FFM is limited by a systematic error of reference methods. In addition, SMM accounts for about 50% of FFM only. Corrected measurement of SMM by BIA can overcome these drawbacks.
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Project description:Background/objectives/introductionIt is imperative to accurately estimate whole body fat percentage (%fat) to understand the deleterious nature of excess adiposity on cardiometabolic disease risk. Cost and accessibility often preclude the use of advanced imaging methods like dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Relative fat mass (RFM) is an emerging estimator of whole body %fat based on waist circumference, height, and biological sex. The purpose of this ancillary study was to examine the relationship between RFM and gold-standard measures of adiposity among community-dwelling older adults with obesity and to evaluate if changes in RFM reflect changes in %fat following a 12-month lifestyle intervention (clinicaltrials.gov #NCT00955903).Patients/materials and methodsParticipants (N = 163, 37.4% male, 70.3 ± 4.7 years) were randomized to the exercise only group, exercise + nutrient-dense weight maintenance group, or exercise + nutrient-dense energy restriction of 500 kcal/d group. Total and regional adiposity assessed by DXA and MRI, as well as anthropometrics, were evaluated at baseline and 12 months.ResultsRFM was significantly positively correlated with DXA whole body %fat and DXA trunk %fat at baseline. Equivalence testing revealed that RFM was considered equivalent to DXA whole body %fat for females only. Additionally, from baseline to 12 months, a significant reduction in RFM was observed among female participants in the exercise + energy restriction group only. Changes in RFM were significantly correlated with changes in DXA whole body %fat, DXA trunk fat, and total abdominal fat tissue determined by MRI.ConclusionResults support the use of RFM as an estimate of whole body %fat where advanced imaging techniques are not feasible. Furthermore, results suggest that this index is sensitive to changes in fat mass over 12 months in female older adults with obesity. KEY MESSAGESRelative fat mass (RFM), an emerging estimator of whole body %fat based on waist circumference, height, and biological sex, was intentionally developed to be a simple estimate of adiposity that overcomes limitations of measures like body mass index.In the current study, results from correlations and agreement analyses support the use of RFM to estimate whole-body fat percentage in a community-dwelling older adult population with obesity when advanced methods, namely dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, are not feasible.Significant reductions in RFM were also observed over a 12-month period that was significantly correlated with changes in whole body fat percentage; thus, supporting the sensitivity of RFM to lifestyle changes.
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Project description:Obesity is associated with an increased incidence of high grade prostate cancer (PC) and worse prognosis for PC patients. Recently, we showed in men that obesity-related periprostatic white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation, characterized by macrophages surrounding dead or dying adipocytes forming crown-like structures, was associated with high grade PC. Possibly, interventions that suppress periprostatic WAT inflammation will improve outcomes for men with PC. Prior to testing interventions we conducted this study to identify transcriptomic differences in periprostatic fat from lean and obese mice. We hypothesized that periprostatic fat from obese mice would have a proinflammatory signature in gene expression pattern. To test our hypothesis that obese mice would develop molecular signatures of inflammation in periprostatic fat, we fed mice low fat diet or high fat diet for 12 weeks and then harvested periprostatic fat at sacrifice. RNA was isolated and analyzed from 5 lean and 5 obese mice and analyzed by microarray.
2019-07-22 | GSE123355 | GEO
Project description:Diet and/or exercise are cost effective interventions to treat obesity. However, it is unclear if the type of exercise undertaken can prevent the onset of obesity and if it can act through different effects on fat depots. In this study we did not allow obesity to develop so we commenced the high-fat diet (HFD) and exercise programs concurrently and investigated the effect of endurance exercise (END) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on changes in cellular adipogenesis, thermogenesis, fibrosis, and inflammatory markers in three different fat depots, on a HFD and a chow diet. This was to assess the effectiveness of exercise to prevent the onset of obesity-induced changes. Mice fed with chow or HFD (45% kcal fat) were trained and performed either END or HIIT for 10 weeks (3 x 40 min sessions/week). In HFD mice, both exercise programs significantly prevented the increase in body weight (END: 17%, HIIT: 20%), total body fat mass (END: 46%, HIIT: 50%), increased lean mass as a proportion of body weight (Lean mass/BW) by 14%, and improved insulin sensitivity by 22%. Further evidence of the preventative effect of exercise was seen significantly decreased markers for adipogenesis, inflammation, and extracellular matrix accumulation in both subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and epididymal adipose tissue (EPI). In chow, no such marked effects were seen with both the exercise programs on all the three fat depots. This study establishes the beneficial effect of both HIIT and END exercise in preventing metabolic deterioration, collagen deposition, and inflammatory responses in fat depots, resulting in an improved whole body insulin resistance in HFD mice.
| S-EPMC8371352 | biostudies-literature
Project description:AimsTo determine whether loss of muscle mass (approximated using fat free mass [FFM]) is associated with risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Hispanic/Latino adults in the United States.MethodsParticipants were Hispanic/Latino adults (18-74-year-olds) who completed Visit 2 of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL; multi-site, prospective cohort study; 6.1-year follow-up) and did not have T2DM at baseline (n = 6264). At baseline and Visit 2, FFM was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis and fasting glucose, HbA1c, and fasting insulin were measured by examiners. Diabetes was defined according to American Diabetes Association criteria. Survey-weighted Poisson regression models examined the association of percent change in relative FFM (%ΔFFM) with incident prediabetes and T2DM. Survey-weighted multivariable regression models examined associations of %ΔFFM with changes in glucose and insulin measures.ResultsRelative FFM declined by 2.1% between visits. %ΔFFM was inversely associated with incident prediabetes (p-for-trend = 0.001) and with changes in glucose and insulin measures (p-for-trend <0.0001). Findings were null, except for HOMA-IR, after adjustment for changes in adiposity measures. Associations were generally stronger for individuals with baseline overweight/obesity.ConclusionsReducing loss of FFM during adulthood may reduce prediabetes risk (primarily insulin resistance), particularly among individuals with overweight/obesity.
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Project description:Overweight and obesity have been shown to significantly affect brain structures and size. Obesity has been associated with cerebral atrophy, alteration of brain functions, including cognitive impairement, and psychiatric diseases such as depression. Given the importance of lipids in the structure of the brain, here, by using 47 mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) with 60% calories from fat (40% saturated fatty acids) and 20% calories from carbohydrates and age-matched control animals on a normal chow diet, we examined the effects of HFD and diet-induced obesity on the brain lipidome. Using a targeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis and a non-targeted mass spectrometry MALDI imaging approach, we show that the relative concentration of most lipids, in particular brain phospholipids, is modified by diet-induced obesity (+ 40%of body weight). Use of a non-targeted MALDI-MS imaging approach further allowed define cerebral regions of interest (ROI) involved in eating behavior and changes in their lipid profile. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the obese/chow lipidome revealed persistence of some of the changes in the brain lipidome of obese animals even after their switch to chow feeding and associated weight loss. Altogether, these data reveal that HFD feeding rapidly modifies the murine brain lipidome. Some of these HFD-induced changes persist even after weight loss, implying that some brain sequelae caused by diet-induced obesity are irreversible.
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