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Quantifying Airborne Dispersal Route of Corynespora cassiicola in Greenhouses.

ABSTRACT: Target leaf spot (TLS), caused by Corynespora cassiicola, is an emerging and high-incidence disease that has spread rapidly on the global scale. Aerospores released by infected plants play a significant role in the epidemiology of cucumber TLS disease; however, no data exist concerning the infectiousness and particle size of C. cassiicola aerospores, and the experimental evidence for the aerospores transmission was lacking. In the present study, highly effective approaches to collect and quantify aerospores were developed for exposure chamber and greenhouse studies. Quantifiable levels of C. cassiicola aerospores were detected in 27 air samples from nine naturally infested greenhouses, ranging from 198 to 5,969 spores/m³. The C. cassiicola strains isolated from air samples were infective to healthy cucumber plants. Exposure chambers were constructed to study the characteristics of C. cassiicola aerospores released by artificially infested cucumber plants. The particle size of C. cassiicola ranged predominately from 2.1 to 4.7 μm, accounting for 71.97% of the total amount. In addition, the transmission dynamics of C. cassiicola aerospores from donor cucumber plants to recipient cucumber plants were confirmed in exposure chambers and greenhouses. The concentration of C. cassiicola aerospores was positively associated with cucumber TLS disease severity. This study suggested that aerospore dispersal is an important route for the epidemiology of plant fungal disease, and these data will contribute to the development of new strategies for the effective alleviation and control of plant diseases.

SUBMITTER: Zhao Q

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8478286 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Corynespora cassiicola is an Ascomycetes fungus with a broad host range and diverse life styles. Mostly known as a necrotrophic plant pathogen, it has also been associated with rare cases of human infection. In the rubber tree, this fungus causes the Corynespora leaf fall (CLF) disease, which increasingly affects natural rubber production in Asia and Africa. It has also been found as an endophyte in South American rubber plantations where no CLF outbreak has yet occurred. The C. cassiicola species is genetically highly diverse, but no clear relationship has been evidenced between phylogenetic lineage and pathogenicity. Cassiicolin, a small glycosylated secreted protein effector, is thought to be involved in the necrotrophic interaction with the rubber tree but some virulent C. cassiicola isolates do not have a cassiicolin gene. This study set out to identify other putative effectors involved in CLF. The genome of a highly virulent C. cassiicola isolate from the rubber tree (CCP) was sequenced and assembled. In silico prediction revealed 2870 putative effectors, comprising CAZymes, lipases, peptidases, secreted proteins and enzymes associated with secondary metabolism. Comparison with the genomes of 44 other fungal species, focusing on effector content, revealed a striking proximity with phylogenetically unrelated species (Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum gloesporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, nectria hematococca, and Botrosphaeria dothidea) sharing life style plasticity and broad host range. Candidate effectors involved in the compatible interaction with the rubber tree were identified by transcriptomic analysis. Differentially expressed genes included 92 putative effectors, among which cassiicolin and two other secreted singleton proteins. Finally, the genomes of 35 C. cassiicola isolates representing the genetic diversity of the species were sequenced and assembled, and putative effectors identified. At the intraspecific level, effector-based classification was found to be highly consistent with the phylogenomic trees. Identification of lineage-specific effectors is a key step toward understanding C. cassiicola virulence and host specialization mechanisms.

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Quantifying Airborne Dispersal Route of Corynespora cassiicola in Greenhouses.

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