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Low cuticle deposition rate in 'Apple' mango increases elastic strain, weakens the cuticle and increases russet.

ABSTRACT: Russeting compromises appearance and downgrades the market value of many fruitcrops, including of the mango cv. 'Apple'. The objective was to identify the mechanistic basis of 'Apple' mango's high susceptibility to russeting. We focused on fruit growth, cuticle deposition, stress/strain relaxation analysis and the mechanical properties of the cuticle. The non-susceptible mango cv. 'Tommy Atkins' served for comparison. Compared with 'Tommy Atkins', fruit of 'Apple' had a lower mass, a smaller surface area and a lower growth rate. There were little differences between the epidermal and hypodermal cells of 'Apple' and 'Tommy Atkins' including cell size, cell orientation and cell number. Lenticel density decreased during development, being lower in 'Apple' than in 'Tommy Atkins'. The mean lenticel area increased during development but was consistently greater in 'Apple' than in 'Tommy Atkins'. The deposition rate of the cuticular membrane was initially rapid but later slowed till it matched the area expansion rate, thereafter mass per unit area was effectively constant. The cuticle of 'Apple' is thinner than that of 'Tommy Atkins'. Cumulative strain increased sigmoidally with fruit growth. Strains released stepwise on excision and isolation (εexc+iso), and on wax extraction (εextr) were higher in 'Apple' than in 'Tommy Atkins'. Membrane stiffness increased during development being consistently lower in 'Apple' than in 'Tommy Atkins'. Membrane fracture force (Fmax) was low and constant in developing 'Apple' but increased in 'Tommy Atkin'. Membrane strain at fracture (εmax) decreased linearly during development but was lower in 'Apple' than in 'Tommy Atkins'. Frequency of membrane failure associated with lenticels increased during development and was consistently higher in 'Apple' than in 'Tommy Atkins'. The lower rate of cuticular deposition, the higher strain releases on excision, isolation and wax extraction and the weaker cuticle account for the high russet susceptibility of 'Apple' mango.

SUBMITTER: Athoo TO

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8513900 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundRusseting is a major problem in many fruit crops. Russeting is caused by environmental factors such as wounding or moisture exposure of the fruit surface. Despite extensive research, the molecular sequence that triggers russet initiation remains unclear. Here, we present high-resolution transcriptomic data by controlled russet induction at very early stages of fruit development. During Phase I, a patch of the fruit surface is exposed to surface moisture. For Phase II, moisture exposure is terminated, and the formerly exposed surface remains dry. We targeted differentially expressed transcripts as soon as 24 h after russet induction.ResultsDuring moisture exposure (Phase I) of 'Pinova' apple, transcripts associated with the cell cycle, cell wall, and cuticle synthesis (SHN3) decrease, while those related to abiotic stress increase. NAC35 and MYB17 were the earliest induced genes during Phase I. They are therefore linked to the initial processes of cuticle microcracking. After moisture removal (Phase II), the expression of genes related to meristematic activity increased (WOX4 within 24 h, MYB84 within 48 h). Genes related to lignin synthesis (MYB52) and suberin synthesis (MYB93, WRKY56) were upregulated within 3 d after moisture removal. WOX4 and AP2B3 are the earliest differentially expressed genes induced in Phase II. They are therefore linked to early events in periderm formation. The expression profiles were consistent between two different seasons and mirrored differences in russet susceptibility in a comparison of cultivars. Furthermore, expression profiles during Phase II of moisture induction were largely identical to those following wounding.ConclusionsThe combination of a unique controlled russet induction technique with high-resolution transcriptomic data allowed for the very first time to analyse the formation of cuticular microcracks and periderm in apple fruit immediately after the onset of triggering factors. This data provides valuable insights into the spatial-temporal dynamics of russeting, including the synthesis of cuticles, dedifferentiation of cells, and impregnation of cell walls with suberin and lignin.

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Low cuticle deposition rate in 'Apple' mango increases elastic strain, weakens the cuticle and increases russet.

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