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Magnetoencephalography reveals differences in brain activations for fast and slow responses to simple multiplications.

ABSTRACT: Despite decades of studies, it is still an open question on how and where simple multiplications are solved by the brain. This fragmented picture is mostly related to the different tasks employed. While in neuropsychological studies patients are asked to perform and report simple oral calculations, neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies often use verification tasks, in which the result is shown, and the participant must verify the correctness. This MEG study aims to unify the sources of evidence, investigating how brain activation unfolds in time using a single-digit multiplication production task. We compared the participants' brain activity-focusing on the parietal lobes-based on response efficiency, dividing their responses in fast and slow. Results showed higher activation for fast, as compared to slow, responses in the left angular gyrus starting after the first operand, and in the right supramarginal gyrus only after the second operand. A whole-brain analysis showed that fast responses had higher activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We show a timing difference of both hemispheres during simple multiplications. Results suggest that while the left parietal lobe may allow an initial retrieval of several possible solutions, the right one may be engaged later, helping to identify the solution based on magnitude checking.

SUBMITTER: Arcara G

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8514455 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundScallops possess striated and catch adductor muscles, which have different structure and contractile properties. The striated muscle contracts very quickly for swimming, whereas the smooth catch muscle can keep the shells closed for long periods with little expenditure of energy. In this study, we performed proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of differences between the striated (fast) and catch (slow) adductor muscles in Yesso scallop Patinopecten yessoensis.ResultsTranscriptomic analysis reveals 1316 upregulated and 8239 downregulated genes in slow compared to fast adductor muscle. For the same comparison, iTRAQ-based proteomics reveals 474 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), 198 up- and 276 downregulated. These DEPs mainly comprise muscle-specific proteins of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, extracellular matrix, and metabolic pathways. A group of conventional muscle proteins-myosin heavy chain, myosin regulatory light chain, myosin essential light chain, and troponin-are enriched in fast muscle. In contrast, paramyosin, twitchin, and catchin are preferentially expressed in slow muscle. The association analysis of proteomic and transcriptomic data provides the evidences of regulatory events at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels in fast and slow muscles. Among 1236 differentially expressed unigenes, 22.7% show a similar regulation of mRNA levels and protein abundances. In contrast, more unigenes (53.2%) exhibit striking differences between gene expression and protein abundances in the two muscles, which indicates the existence of fiber-type specific, posttranscriptional regulatory events in most of myofibrillar proteins, such as myosin heavy chain, titin, troponin, and twitchin.ConclusionsThis first, global view of protein and mRNA expression levels in scallop fast and slow muscles reveal that regulatory mechanisms at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels are essential in the maintenance of muscle structure and function. The existence of fiber-type specific, posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms in myofibrillar proteins will greatly improve our understanding of the molecular basis of muscle contraction and its regulation in non-model invertebrates.

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Magnetoencephalography reveals differences in brain activations for fast and slow responses to simple multiplications.

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