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Socio-Motor Improvisation in Schizophrenia: A Case-Control Study in a Sample of Stable Patients

ABSTRACT: Improvising is essential for human development and is one of the most important characteristics of being human. However, how mental illness affects improvisation remains largely unknown. In this study we focused on socio-motor improvisation in individuals with schizophrenia, one of the more debilitating mental disorder. This represents the ability to improvise gestures during an interaction to promote sustained communication and shared attention. Using a novel paradigm called the mirror game and recently introduced to study joint improvisation, we recorded hand motions of two people mirroring each other. Comparing Schizophrenia patients and healthy controls skills during the game, we found that improvisation was impaired in schizophrenia patients. Patients also exhibited significantly higher difficulties to being synchronized with someone they follow but not when they were leaders of the joint improvisation game. Considering the correlation between socio-motor synchronization and socio-motor improvisation, these results suggest that synchronization does not only promote affiliation but also improvisation, being therefore an interesting key factor to enhance social skills in a clinical context. Moreover, socio-motor improvisation abnormalities were not associated with executive functioning, one traditional underpinning of improvisation. Altogether, our results suggest that even if both mental illness and improvisation differ from normal thinking and behavior, they are not two sides of the same coin, providing a direct evidence that being able to improvise in individual situations is fundamentally different than being able to improvise in a social context.

SUBMITTER: Salesse R

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8567989 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical features and inflammatory cytokines of dry eye disease (DED) in patients with schizophrenia.MethodsThis is a case-control study. The modified self-rating depression scale (M-SDS) and the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) were used to evaluate the symptoms of depression and DED, respectively. Lipid layer thickness (LLT), partial blink rate (PBR), meibomian gland loss (MGL), tear break-up time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining, Schirmer I-test, and eyelid margin abnormalities were also measured. A multiplex ELISA Quantibody array was used to detect the inflammatory cytokines in the tears of all participants.ResultsForty schizophrenic patients and 20 control subjects were included. The mean age was 45.0 ± 9.5 years (range, 22-63 years) in schizophrenic patients and 45.4 ± 16.2 years (range, 23-76 years) in controls (P = 0.914). The ratio of male to female was 1.1 in schizophrenic patients and 1.0 in controls (P = 0.914). Ten women (52.6%) with schizophrenia and 2 (20%) in the control group (P = 0.096) were menopausal or post-menopausal. The OSDI [0.0 (0.0-4.2) vs. 7.3 (2.1-14.6)] and TBUT [4.5 (3.0-6.0) vs. 10.0 (3.5-11.0)] were significantly lower in patients with schizophrenia than in controls (P = 0.003 and P = 0.009, respectively). The rate of MGL [36.5 (17.5-47.5) vs. 8.5 (0.0-17.5)] increased in schizophrenic patients (P < 0.001). Among pro-inflammatory cytokines, the levels of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, IL-11, IL-12A, IL-15, IL-17A, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in tears were elevated in the schizophrenia group (all P < 0.01). Most of the chemokines examined were at increased levels in the tears of schizophrenics (all P < 0.05). The levels of matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were also higher in the schizophrenic patients (all P < 0.001). The concentrations of IL-1Ra, tissue-inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and TIMP-2 in the schizophrenia group were decreased (all P < 0.001). In schizophrenic patients, the level of CCL2 in tears was positively correlated with OSDI (R = 0.34, P = 0.03). The increasing TIMP-1 and decreasing IL-5 were correlated with increasing LLT (R = 0.33, P = 0.035; R = -0.35, P = 0.027, respectively). The level of ICAM-1 was then positively correlated with partial blink rate (PBR) (R = 0.33, P = 0.035). There was a negative correlation between IL-8 and the Schirmer I-test (R = -0.41, P = 0.009).ConclusionsPatients with schizophrenia were more likely to experience asymptomatic DED, with mild symptoms and obvious signs. The inflammatory cytokines in the tears of schizophrenic patients differed greatly from that of non-schizophrenic patients.

Project description:BackgroundSchizophrenia is a mental illness associated with cardiovascular disease at a younger age than in the general population. Endothelial dysfunction has predictive value for future cardiovascular events; however, the impact of a diagnosis of schizophrenia on this marker is unknown.AimsWe tested the hypothesis that subjects with schizophrenia have impaired endothelial function.MethodsA total of 102 subjects (34.5±7.5 years) participated in this study. This sample consisted of 51 subjects with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and 51 healthy subjects, who were matched for age (P=0.442), sex (P>0.999), and smoking status (P=0.842). Peripheral artery microvascular and conduit vessel endothelial function was measured using hyperemic velocity time integral (VTI), pulse arterial tonometry (PAT), and flow-mediated dilation (FMD).ResultsSignificantly lower values of VTI were noted in subjects with schizophrenia (104.9±33.0 vs. 129.1±33.8?cm, P<0.001), whereas FMD (P=0.933) and PAT (P=0.862) did not differ between the two groups. A multivariable-linear-regression analysis, built on data from univariate and partial correlations, showed that only schizophrenia, sex, lipid-lowering medications, antihypertensive medications, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol were predictive of attenuated VTI, whereas age, ethnicity, family history of cardiovascular disease, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), antidiabetic medications, antidepressant medications, mood stabilizers, benzodiazepines, and anticholinergic medications did not predict VTI in this model (adjusted R (2)=0.248).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that a diagnosis of schizophrenia is associated with impaired microvascular function as indicated by lower values of VTI, irrespective of many other clinical characteristics. It might be an early indicator of cardiovascular risk in schizophrenia, and might help to identify high-risk individuals.

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Socio-Motor Improvisation in Schizophrenia: A Case-Control Study in a Sample of Stable Patients

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