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Toxicity Assessment of Long-Term Exposure to Non-Thermal Plasma Activated Water in Mice.

ABSTRACT: Non-thermal plasma activated water (PAW) has recently emerged as a powerful antimicrobial agent. Despite numerous potential bio-medical applications, studies concerning toxicity in live animals, especially after long-term exposure, are scarce. Our study aimed to assess the effects of long-term watering with PAW on the health of CD1 mice. PAW was prepared from distilled water with a GlidArc reactor according to a previously published protocol. The pH was 2.78. The mice received PAW (experimental group) or tap water (control group) daily for 90 days as the sole water source. After 90 days, the following investigations were performed on the euthanatized animals: gross necropsy, teeth mineral composition, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, hematology, blood biochemistry, methemoglobin level and cytokine profile. Mice tolerated PAW very well and no adverse effects were observed during the entire period of the experiment. Histopathological examination of the organs and tissues did not reveal any structural changes. Moreover, the expression of proliferation markers PCNA and Ki67 has not been identified in the epithelium of the upper digestive tract, indicating the absence of any pre- or neoplastic transformations. The results of our study demonstrated that long-term exposure to PAW caused no toxic effects and could be used as oral antiseptic solution in dental medicine.

SUBMITTER: Nastasa V

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8583710 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Short-term toxicological evaluations of alpha-radioimmunotherapy have been reported in preclinical assays, particularly using bismuth-213 (213Bi). Toxicity is greatly influenced not only by the pharmacokinetics and binding specificity of the vector but also by non-specific irradiation due to the circulating radiopharmaceutical in the blood. To assess this, an acute and chronic toxicity study was carried out in mice injected with 213Bi-labelled Bovine Serum Albumin (213Bi-BSA) as an example of a long-term circulating vector.Biodistribution of 213Bi-BSA and 125I-BSA were compared in order to evaluate 213Bi uptake by healthy organs. The doses to organs for injected 213Bi-BSA were calculated. Groups of nude mice were injected with 3.7, 7.4 and 11.1 MBq of 213Bi-BSA and monitored for 385 days. Plasma parameters, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, were measured and blood cell counts (white blood cells, platelets and red blood cells) were performed. Mouse organs were examined histologically at different time points.Haematological toxicity was transient and non-limiting for all evaluated injected activities. At the highest injected activity (11.1 MBq), mice died from liver and kidney failure (median survival of 189 days). This liver toxicity was identified by an increase in both ALT and AST and by histological examination. Mice injected with 7.4 MBq of 213Bi-BSA (median survival of 324 days) had an increase in plasma BUN and creatinine due to impaired kidney function, confirmed by histological examination. Injection of 3.7 MBq of 213Bi-BSA was safe, with no plasma enzyme modifications or histological abnormalities.Haematological toxicity was not limiting in this study. Liver failure was observed at the highest injected activity (11.1 MBq), consistent with liver damage observed in human clinical trials. Intermediate injected activity (7.4 MBq) should be used with caution because of the risk of long-term toxicity to kidneys.

Project description:ObjectivesFluoride (F) releasing dental restoratives are promising to promote remineralization and combat caries. The objectives of this study were to develop nanocomposite containing calcium fluoride nanoparticles (nCaF(2)), and to investigate the long-term mechanical durability including wear, thermal-cycling and long-term water-aging behavior.MethodsTwo types of fillers were used: nCaF(2) with a diameter of 53 nm, and glass particles of 1.4 μm. Four composites were fabricated with fillers of: (1) 0% nCaF(2)+65% glass; (2) 10% nCaF(2)+55% glass; (3) 20% nCaF(2)+45% glass; (4) 30% nCaF(2)+35% glass. Three commercial materials were also tested. Specimens were subjected to thermal-cycling between 5°C and 60°C for 10(5) cycles, three-body wear for 4×10(5) cycles, and water-aging for 2 years.ResultsAfter thermal-cycling, the nCaF(2) nanocomposites had flexural strengths in the range of 100-150 MPa, five times higher than the 20-30 MPa for resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI). The wear scar depth showed an increasing trend with increasing nCaF(2) filler level. Wear of nCaF(2) nanocomposites was within the range of wear for commercial controls. Water-aging decreased the strength of all materials. At 2 years, flexural strength was 94 MPa for nanocomposite with 10% nCaF(2), 60 MPa with 20% nCaF(2), and 48 MPa with 30% nCaF(2). They are 3-6 fold higher than the 15 MPa for RMGI (p<0.05). SEM revealed air bubbles and cracks in a RMGI, while composite control and nCaF(2) nanocomposites appeared dense and solid.SignificanceCombining nCaF(2) with glass particles yielded nanocomposites with long-term mechanical properties that were comparable to those of a commercial composite with little F release, and much better than those of RMGI controls. These strong long-term properties, together with their F release being comparable to RMGI as previously reported, indicate that the nCaF(2) nanocomposites are promising for load-bearing and caries-inhibiting restorations.

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Toxicity Assessment of Long-Term Exposure to Non-Thermal Plasma Activated Water in Mice.

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