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Tepotinib Inhibits Several Drug Efflux Transporters and Biotransformation Enzymes: The Role in Drug-Drug Interactions and Targeting Cytostatic Resistance In Vitro and Ex Vivo.

ABSTRACT: Tepotinib is a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor recently approved for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, we evaluated the tepotinib's potential to perpetrate pharmacokinetic drug interactions and modulate multidrug resistance (MDR). Accumulation studies showed that tepotinib potently inhibits ABCB1 and ABCG2 efflux transporters, which was confirmed by molecular docking. In addition, tepotinib inhibited several recombinant cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms with varying potency. In subsequent drug combination experiments, tepotinib synergistically reversed daunorubicin and mitoxantrone resistance in cells with ABCB1 and ABCG2 overexpression, respectively. Remarkably, MDR-modulatory properties were confirmed in ex vivo explants derived from NSCLC patients. Furthermore, we demonstrated that anticancer effect of tepotinib is not influenced by the presence of ABC transporters associated with MDR, although monolayer transport assays designated it as ABCB1 substrate. Finally, tested drug was observed to have negligible effect on the expression of clinically relevant drug efflux transporters and CYP enzymes. In conclusion, our findings provide complex overview on the tepotinib's drug interaction profile and suggest a promising novel therapeutic strategy for future clinical investigations.

SUBMITTER: Vagiannis D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8584989 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Ensartinib (X-396) Effectively Modulates Pharmacokinetic Resistance Mediated by ABCB1 and ABCG2 Drug Efflux Transporters and CYP3A4 Biotransformation Enzyme.

Project description:Ensartinib (X-396) is a promising tyrosine kinase inhibitor currently undergoing advanced clinical evaluation for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. In this work, we investigate possible interactions of this promising drug candidate with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug efflux transporters and cytochrome P450 biotransformation enzymes (CYPs), which play major roles in multidrug resistance (MDR) and pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Accumulation studies showed that ensartinib is a potent inhibitor of ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters. Additionally, incubation experiments with recombinant CYPs showed that ensartinib significantly inhibits CYP3A4 and CYP2C9. Subsequent molecular docking studies confirmed these findings. Drug combination experiments demonstrated that ensartinib synergistically potentiates the antiproliferative effects of daunorubicin, mitoxantrone, and docetaxel in ABCB1, ABCG2, and CYP3A4-overexpressing cellular models, respectively. Advantageously, ensartinib's antitumor efficiency was not compromised by the presence of MDR-associated ABC transporters, although it acted as a substrate of ABCB1 in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney II (MDCKII) monolayer transport assays. Finally, we demonstrated that ensartinib had no significant effect on the mRNA-level expression of examined transporters and enzymes in physiological and lung tumor cellular models. In conclusion, ensartinib may perpetrate clinically relevant pharmacokinetic DDIs and modulate ABCB1-, ABCG2-, and CYP3A4-mediated MDR. The in vitro findings presented here will provide a valuable foundation for future in vivo investigations.

| S-EPMC7226045 | biostudies-literature

UHPLC-HRMS data from non-targeted screening for biotransformation products of cytostatic drug imatinib.

Project description:Imatinib is a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia. It enters the environment by excretion from the body through urine and feces and is transferred with wastewater to a wastewater treatment plant. There, it can be degraded by activated sludge, forming a number of biotransformation products. Presence of imatinib and its potential transformation products in the environment can impose a high risk to aquatic organisms and human health, therefore it is important to obtain knowledge of its environmental fate. The data presented here is a result of a simulated biodegradation of imatinib at two levels of activated sludge using a batch biotransformation setup, with and without carbon source. The data was acquired with UHPLC-HRMS/MS and processed by MzMine2.36 [1]. The dataset presents a table of [M+H]+ features with retention times and corresponding MS/MS data. With development of new data mining tools this data can be used to identify new transformation products of imatinib and with it fully understand its environmental fate and the risk associated with its presence in the environment.

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Mechanisms of promiscuity among drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters.

Project description:Detoxication, or 'drug-metabolizing', enzymes and drug transporters exhibit remarkable substrate promiscuity and catalytic promiscuity. In contrast to substrate-specific enzymes that participate in defined metabolic pathways, individual detoxication enzymes must cope with substrates of vast structural diversity, including previously unencountered environmental toxins. Presumably, evolution selects for a balance of 'adequate' kcat /KM values for a wide range of substrates, rather than optimizing kcat /KM for any individual substrate. However, the structural, energetic, and metabolic properties that achieve this balance, and hence optimize detoxication, are not well understood. Two features of detoxication enzymes that are frequently cited as contributions to promiscuity include the exploitation of highly reactive versatile cofactors, or cosubstrates, and a high degree of flexibility within the protein structure. This review examines these intuitive mechanisms in detail and clarifies the contributions of the classic ligand binding models 'induced fit' (IF) and 'conformational selection' (CS) to substrate promiscuity. The available literature data for drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters suggest that IF is exploited by these promiscuous detoxication enzymes, as it is with substrate-specific enzymes, but the detoxication enzymes uniquely exploit 'IFs' to retain a wide range of substrates at their active sites. In contrast, whereas CS provides no catalytic advantage to substrate-specific enzymes, promiscuous enzymes may uniquely exploit it to recruit a wide range of substrates. The combination of CS and IF, for recruitment and retention of substrates, can potentially optimize the promiscuity of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters.

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Fusidic Acid Inhibits Hepatic Transporters and Metabolic Enzymes: Potential Cause of Clinical Drug-Drug Interaction Observed with Statin Coadministration.

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The potential role of drug transporters and amikacin modifying enzymes in M. avium

Project description:Background: Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) bacteria cause opportunistic infections in humans. Treatment yields cure rates of 60% and is comprised of a macrolide, a rifamycin and ethambutol; and in severe cases amikacin. Mechanisms of antibiotic tolerance remain mostly unknown. To elucidate these mechanisms, we studied the transcriptomic response to antibiotics and investigated the contribution of efflux and amikacin modification to susceptibility. Methods: M. avium was subjected to subinhibitory concentrations of clarithromycin, amikacin, ethambutol and rifampicin followed by RNA sequencing. Based thereupon, we characterized M. avium efflux pumps and performed time-kill kinetic analysis using each antibiotic in combination with the efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) berberine, verapamil and CCCP to study the role of efflux on susceptibility. Finally, we studied the modification of amikacin by M. avium using metabolomic analysis. Results: Changes in respiratory state and changes in ribosome binding and protein folding likely contribute to clarithromycin and amikacin tolerance, respectively. No clear drug-specific mechanisms of tolerance are found for ethambutol and rifampicin. Of the EPIs, only berberine increased the susceptibility to rifampicin and clarithromycin. Finally, we show that M. avium, in contrast to M. abscessus, is not able to modify amikacin. Conclusion: M. avium likely relies on a combination of drug-specific and generic mechanisms of antibiotic tolerance including changes in respiratory and metabolic state in addition to drug efflux and target modification. Efflux inhibition can increase susceptibility but this effect is EPI and antibiotic specific. Finally, the lack of amikacin modifying activity in M. avium is important for its activity.

2024-01-01 | GSE213116 | GEO

Brazilian cohort and genes encoding for drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters.

Project description:Background & aim: Genetic variability in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) genes contributes to the high heterogeneity of drug responses. The present study investigated polymorphisms of ADME genes frequencies and compared the findings with populations from other continents, available in the 1000 Genome Project (1 KGP) and the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) databases. Methodology & results: We conducted a study of 100 patients in Brazil and a total of 2003 SNPs were evaluated by targeted next-generation sequencing in 148 genes, including Phase I enzymes (n = 50), Phase II enzymes (n = 38) and drug transporters (n = 60). Overall, the distribution of minor allele frequency (MAF) suggests that the distribution of 2003 SNPs is similar between Brazilian cohort, 1 KGP and ExAC; however, we found moderate SNP allele-frequency divergence between Brazilian cohort and both 1000 KGP and ExAC. These differences were observed in several relevant genes including CYP3A4, NAT2 and SLCO1B1. Conclusion: We concluded that the Brazilian population needs clinical assessment of drug treatment based on individual genotype rather than ethnicity.

| S-EPMC7362932 | biostudies-literature

Aminobenzotriazole inhibits and induces several key drug metabolizing enzymes complicating its utility as a pan CYP inhibitor for reaction phenotyping.

Project description:Aminobenzotriazole (ABT) is commonly used as a non-selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to assign contributions of CYP versus non-CYP pathways to the metabolism of new chemical entities. Despite widespread use, a systematic review of the drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential for ABT has not been published nor have the implications for using it in plated hepatocyte models for low clearance reaction phenotyping. The goal being to investigate the utility of ABT as a pan-CYP inhibitor for reaction phenotyping of low clearance compounds by evaluating stability over the incubation period, inhibition potential against UGT and sulfotransferase enzymes, and interaction with nuclear receptors involved in the regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Induction potential for additional inhibitors used to ascribe fraction metabolism (fm ), pathway including erythromycin, ketoconazole, azamulin, atipamezole, ZY12201, and quinidine was also investigated. ABT significantly inhibited the clearance of a non-selective UGT substrate 4-methylumbelliferone, with several UGTs shown to be inhibited using selective probe substrates in human hepatocytes and rUGTs. The inhibitors screened in the induction assay were shown to induce enzymes regulated through Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor, Constitutive Androstane Receptor, and Pregnane X Receptor. Lastly, a case study identifying the mechanisms of a clinical DDI between Palbociclib and ARV-471 is provided as an example of the potential consequences of using ABT to derive fm . This work demonstrates that ABT is not an ideal pan-CYP inhibitor for reaction phenotyping of low clearance compounds and establishes a workflow that can be used to enable robust characterization of other prospective inhibitors.

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In Vivo Exposure of Kaempferol Is Driven by Phase II Metabolic Enzymes and Efflux Transporters.

Project description:Kaempferol is a well-known flavonoid; however, it lacks extensive pharmacokinetic studies. Phase II metabolic enzymes and efflux transporters play an important role in the disposition of flavonoids. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which phase II metabolic enzymes and efflux transporters determine the in vivo exposure of kaempferol. Pharmacokinetic analysis in Sprague-Dawley rats revealed that kaempferol was mostly biotransformed to conjugates, namely, kaempferol-3-glucuronide (K-3-G), kaempferol-7-glucuronide (K-7-G), and kaempferol-7-sulfate, in plasma. K-3-G represented the major metabolite. Compared with that in wild-type mice, pharmacokinetics in knockout FVB mice demonstrated that the absence of multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) significantly increased the area under the curve (AUC) of the conjugates. The lack of MRP1 resulted in a much lower AUC of the conjugates. Intestinal perfusion in rats revealed that the glucuronide conjugates were mainly excreted in the small intestine, but 7-sulfate was mainly excreted in the colon. In Caco-2 monolayers, K-7-G efflux toward the apical (AP) side was significantly higher than K-3-G efflux. In contrast, K-3-G efflux toward the basolateral (BL) side was significantly higher than K-7-G efflux. The BL-to-AP efflux was significantly reduced in the presence of the MRP2 inhibitor LTC4. The AP-to-BL efflux was significantly decreased in the presence of the BL-side MRPs inhibitor MK571. The BCRP inhibitor Ko143 decreased the glucuronide conjugate efflux. Therefore, kaempferol is mainly exposed as K-3-G in vivo, which is driven by phase II metabolic enzymes and efflux transporters (i.e., BCRP and MRPs).

| S-EPMC7702721 | biostudies-literature

Swertianlarin, isolated from Swertia mussotii Franch, increases detoxification enzymes and efflux transporters expression in rats.

Project description:Swertianlarin, isolated from Swertia mussotii Franch and Enicostemma axillare, has hepatoprotective effects against cholestasis in rat models of hepatotoxicity. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not clear. We then treated rats with swertianlarin for 7 d and then measured serum liver injury markers, lipids, and bile salts, as well as the expression of bile acid synthesis and detoxification enzymes (e.g. Cyp7a1 and Cyp3a), membrane influx and efflux transporters (e.g. Ntcp and Mrp3), nuclear receptors (e.g. Pxr and Fxr/Shp) and transcriptional factors (e.g. Nrf2 and Hnf3β) in the liver. We found a significant induction of the expression of the basolateral efflux transporters Mrp3 and Mrp4 and canalicular transporter Mdr1 in rats treated with swertianlarin, compared with the controls (1.9-fold and 2.2-fold, P < 0.005, and 3.4-fold, P < 0.05, respectively). The expression of detoxification enzymes Cyp3a, Ugt2b, Sult2a1 and Gsta1 in rats treated with swertianlarin was significantly higher than that in controls (3.7-fold, 2.8-fold, 2.1-fold, and 1.7-fold, respectively, all P < 0.05). Expression of the synthetic enzyme, Cyp8b1, was higher in rats treated with swertianlarin than that in controls (1.8-fold at mRNA level and 3.4-flod at protein level, P < 0.05). Elevated serum levels of the conjugated bile acids, taurocholic acid and taurodeoxycholic acid, and a reduction in levels of serum ALP, unconjugated bile acid αMCA, and TG were observed (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, swertianlarin significantly up-regulates hepatic bile acid detoxification enzymes and efflux transporters in rats, which can increase the water solubility of hydrophobic bile acids and elimination of conjugated bile acids.

| S-EPMC4348896 | biostudies-literature

Bacterial multidrug efflux transporters.

Project description:Infections caused by bacteria are a leading cause of death worldwide. Although antibiotics remain a key clinical therapy, their effectiveness has been severely compromised by the development of drug resistance in bacterial pathogens. Multidrug efflux transporters--a common and powerful resistance mechanism--are capable of extruding a number of structurally unrelated antimicrobials from the bacterial cell, including antibiotics and toxic heavy metal ions, facilitating their survival in noxious environments. Transporters of the resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) superfamily typically assemble as tripartite efflux complexes spanning the inner and outer membranes of the cell envelope. In Escherichia coli, the CusCFBA complex, which mediates resistance to copper(I) and silver(I) ions, is the only known RND transporter specific to heavy metals. Here, we describe the current knowledge of individual pump components of the Cus system, a paradigm for efflux machinery, and speculate on how RND pumps assemble to fight diverse antimicrobials.

| S-EPMC4769028 | biostudies-literature

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