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Pre-existing immunity and vaccine history determine hemagglutinin-specific CD4 T cell and IgG response following seasonal influenza vaccination.

ABSTRACT: Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination varies between individuals and might be affected by vaccination history among other factors. Here we show, by monitoring frequencies of CD4 T cells specific to the conserved hemagglutinin epitope HA_118-132 and titres of IgG against the corresponding recombinant hemagglutinin protein, that antigen-specific CD4 T cell and antibody responses are closely linked to pre-existing immunity and vaccine history. Upon immunization, a strong early reaction is observed in all vaccine naïve participants and also in vaccine experienced individuals who have not received the respective seasonal vaccine in the previous year. This response is characterized by HA_118-132 specific CD4 T cells with a follicular helper T cell phenotype and by ascending titers of hemagglutinin-specific antibodies from baseline to day 28 following vaccination. This trend was observed in only a proportion of those participants who received the seasonal vaccine the year preceding the study. Regardless of history, levels of pre-existing antibodies and CD127 expression on CD4 T cells at baseline were the strongest predictors of robust early response. Thus, both pre-existing immunity and vaccine history contribute to the response to seasonal influenza vaccines.

SUBMITTER: Wild K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8602312 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Pre-existing immunity and vaccine history determine hemagglutinin-specific CD4 T cell and IgG response following seasonal influenza vaccination.

Wild Katharina K Smits Maike M Killmer Saskia S Strohmeier Shirin S Neumann-Haefelin Christoph C Bengsch Bertram B Krammer Florian F Schwemmle Martin M Hofmann Maike M Thimme Robert R Zoldan Katharina K Boettler Tobias T

Nature communications 20211118 1

Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination varies between individuals and might be affected by vaccination history among other factors. Here we show, by monitoring frequencies of CD4 T cells specific to the conserved hemagglutinin epitope HA<sub>118-132</sub> and titres of IgG against the corresponding recombinant hemagglutinin protein, that antigen-specific CD4 T cell and antibody responses are closely linked to pre-existing immunity and vaccine history. Upon immunization, a strong early r ...[more]

PMID: 34795301

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Project description:Preexisting immunity may be associated with increased protection against non-related pathogens such as, SARS-CoV-2. There is little information regarding endemic human coronaviruses (HCOVs) from Pakistan, which experienced a relatively low COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. We investigated antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and HCoVs NL63 and OC43, comparing sera from prepandemic controls (PPC) period with responses in healthy controls from the pandemic (HC 2021). Further, we investigated the effect of inactivated and mRNA COVID-19 vaccinations on antibody responses to the pandemic and endemic coronaviruses. We measured IgG antibodies to Spike of SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-OC43 by ELISA. Serum neutralizing capacity was determined using a SARS-CoV-2 psuedotyped virus assay. Vaccinees were sampled prior to vaccination as well after 6, 12 and 24 weeks after COVID-19 inactivated (Sinovac), or mRNA (BNT162b2) vaccine administration. PPC sera showed seropositivity of 15 % to SARS-CoV-2, whilst it was 45 % in the HC 2021 group. Five percent of sera showed virus neutralizing activity in PPC whilst it was 50 % in HC 2021. IgG antibodies to Spike of NL63 and OC43 were also present in PPC; anti-NL63 was 2.9-fold, and anti-OC43 was 10.1-fold higher than to anti-SARS-CoV-2 levels. IgG antibodies to Spike SARS-CoV-2 were positively correlated with HCoV-NL63 in HC 2021, indicating recognition of shared conserved epitopes. IgG antibody levels increased during the pandemic; 2.7-fold to HCoV-NL63 and 1.9-fold to HCoV-OC43. SinoVac and BNT162b2 vaccine induced an increase in IgG antibodies to Spike SARS-CoV-2 as well as HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-OC43. Our data show that antibodies to spike protein of endemic coronaviruses were present in the prepandemic population. Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, NL63 and OC43 were all raised during the pandemic and further enhanced after COVID-19 vaccinations. The increase in antibodies to spike of coronaviruses would contribute to protection against SARS-CoV-2.

Dataset Information

Pre-existing immunity and vaccine history determine hemagglutinin-specific CD4 T cell and IgG response following seasonal influenza vaccination.

Publications

Pre-existing immunity and vaccine history determine hemagglutinin-specific CD4 T cell and IgG response following seasonal influenza vaccination.

Similar Datasets

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