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Sulfonation of Natural Carbonaceous Bentonite as a Low-Cost Acidic Catalyst for Effective Transesterification of Used Sunflower Oil into Diesel; Statistical Modeling and Kinetic Properties.

ABSTRACT: Bentonite sample enriched in organic matters (oil shale) was functionalized with -SO₃H sulfonated carbonaceous bentonite (S-CB) by sulfonation process as a low-cost and effective acidic catalyst for the transesterification spent sunflower oil (SFO). The sulfonation effect was followed by several analytic techniques including X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The catalytic performance of the sulfonated product was evaluated based on a statistical design which was built according to the response surface methodology and the central composite rotatable design. Using the S-CB acidic catalyst in the transesterification of spent SFO resulted in an actual biodiesel yield of 96% at studied conditions of 85 min at reaction interval, 50 °C as temperature,15:1 as methanol/oil ratio, and 3.5 wt % as S-CB loading. Moreover, the optimization function suggested enhancement to obtained yield up to 97.9% by selecting the values of temperature at 62 °C, the time at 98.5 min, the methanol/SFO ratio at 14.4:1, and S-CB loading at 3.4 wt %. The technical evaluation of the SFO biodiesel reflected the suitability of the product to be used as biofuels according to international standards. The kinetic behavior of the SFO transesterification reaction over S-CB is of pseudo-first order properties and of low activation energy. Finally, the synthetic S-CB as a solid acidic catalyst is of significant reusability and was reused five times with remarkable biodiesel yields.

SUBMITTER: Hassan WA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8613855 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:The present study examines the effects of fuel [an ultralow sulfur diesel (ULSD) versus a 20% v/v soy-based biodiesel-80% v/v petroleum blend (B20)], temperature, load, vehicle, driving cycle, and active regeneration technology on gas- and particle-phase carbon emissions from light and medium heavy-duty diesel vehicles (L/MHDDV). The study is performed using chassis dynamometer facilities that support low-temperature operation (-6.7 °C versus 21.7 °C) and heavy loads up to 12 000 kg. Organic and elemental carbon (OC-EC) composition of aerosol particles is determined using a thermal-optical technique. Gas- and particle-phase semivolatile organic compound (SVOC) emissions collected using traditional filter and polyurethane foam sampling media are analyzed using advanced gas chromatograpy/mass spectrometry methods. Study-wide OC and EC emissions are 0.735 and 0.733 mg/km, on average. The emissions factors for diesel vehicles vary widely, and use of a catalyzed diesel particle filter (CDPF) device generally mutes the carbon particle emissions in the exhaust, which contains ~90% w/w gas-phase matter. Interestingly, replacing ULSD with B20 did not significantly influence SVOC emissions, for which sums range from 0.030 to 9.4 mg/km for the L/MHDDVs. However, both low temperature and vehicle cold-starts significantly increase SVOCs in the exhaust. Real-time particle measurements indicate vehicle regeneration technology did influence emissions, although regeneration effects went unresolved using bulk chemistry techniques. A multistudy comparison of the toxic particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; molecular weight (MW) ≥ 252 amu) in diesel exhaust indicates emission factors that span up to 8 orders of magnitude over the past several decades. This study observes conditions under which PAH compounds with MW ≥ 252 amu appear in diesel particles downstream of the CDPF and can even reach low-end concentrations reported earlier for much larger HDDVs with poorly controlled exhaust streams. This rare observation suggests that analysis of PAHs in particles emitted from modern L/MHDDVs may be more complex than recognized previously.

Dataset Information

Sulfonation of Natural Carbonaceous Bentonite as a Low-Cost Acidic Catalyst for Effective Transesterification of Used Sunflower Oil into Diesel; Statistical Modeling and Kinetic Properties.

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