Chitosan Enhances the Anti-Biofilm Activity of Biodentine against an Interkingdom Biofilm Model.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Abusrewil S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8614659 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Bacteria biofilm helps bacteria prevent phagocytosis during infection and increase resistance to antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive pathogenic bacterium and is tightly associated with biofilm-related infections, which have led to great threat to human health. Chitosan, the only cationic polysaccharide in nature, has been demonstrated to have antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities, which, however, require a relative high dosage of chitosan. Moreover, poor water solubility further restricts its applications on anti-infection therapy. Inulins are a group of polysaccharides produced by many types of plants, and are widely used in processed foods. Compared to chitosan, inulin is very soluble in water and possesses a mild antibacterial activity against certain pathogenic bacteria. In order to develop an effective strategy to treat biofilm-related infections, we introduce a method by covalent conjugation of inulin to chitosan. The physicochemical characterization of the inulin⁻chitosan conjugate was assayed, and the anti-biofilm activity was evaluated against S. aureus biofilm. The results indicated that, as compared to chitosan, this novel polysaccharide⁻polysaccharide conjugate significantly enhanced activities against S. aureus either in a biofilm or planktonic state. Of note, the conjugate also showed a broad spectrum anti-biofilm activity on different bacteria strains and low cellular toxicity to mammalian cells. These results suggested that chitosan conjugation of inulin was a viable strategy for treatment against biofilm-related infections. This finding may further spread the application of natural polysaccharides on treatments of infectious disease.
| S-EPMC5983282 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of silver nanoparticles-chitosan composites (AgNPs) with different morphologies and particle size distributions against resistant bacteria and biofilm formation. Four different samples were prepared by a two-step procedure using sodium borohydride and ascorbic acid as reducing agents and characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectra, scanning transmission electron microscopy. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the AgNPs were determined according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) against clinical isolates multidrug-resistant and strains of the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). An assay was performed to determine the MICs during 20 successive bacteria exposures to AgNPs to investigate whether AgNPs induce tolerance in bacteria. The antibiofilm activities of AgNPs were also evaluated by determining the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC). The spherical AgNPs present diameters ranging from 9.3 to 62.4 nm, and some samples also have rod-, oval-, and triangle-shaped nanoparticles. The MIC and MBC values ranged from 0.8 to 25 μg/mL and 3.1 to 50 μg/mL, respectively. Smaller and spherical AgNPs exhibited the highest activity, but all the AgNPs developed in this study exhibit bactericidal activity. There was no significant MIC increase after 20 passages to the AgNPs. Regarding the antibiofilm activity, MBICs ranged from 12.5 to 50 μg/mL. Again, smaller and spherical nanoparticles presented the best results with phenotypic inhibition of production of slime or exopolysaccharide (EPS) matrix. Thus, it was concluded that AgNPs have a promising potential against resistant bacteria and bacteria that grow on biofilms without inducing tolerance.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11051-021-05314-1.
| S-EPMC8383018 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Propolis obtained from bee hives is a natural substance with antimicrobial properties. It is limited by its insolubility in aqueous solutions; hence ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Malaysian propolis were prepared. Both the extracts displayed antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties against Enterococcus faecalis, a common bacterium associated with hospital-acquired infections. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of propolis revealed the presence of flavonoids like kaempferol and pinocembrin. This study investigated the role of propolis developed into nanoparticles with chitosan for its antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties against E. faecalis. Bacteria that grow in a slimy layer of biofilm are resistant to penetration by antibacterial agents. The use of nanoparticles in medicine has received attention recently due to better bioavailability, enhanced penetrative capacity and improved efficacy. A chitosan-propolis nanoformulation was chosen based on ideal physicochemical properties such as particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency and the rate of release of the active ingredients. This formulation inhibited E. faecalis biofilm formation and reduced the number of bacteria in the biofilm by ~90% at 200 μg/ml concentration. When tested on pre-formed biofilms, the formulation reduced bacterial number in the biofilm by ~40% and ~75% at 200 and 300 μg/ml, respectively. The formulation not only reduced bacterial numbers, but also physically disrupted the biofilm structure as observed by scanning electron microscopy. Treatment of biofilms with chitosan-propolis nanoparticles altered the expression of biofilm-associated genes in E. faecalis. The results of this study revealed that chitosan-propolis nanoformulation can be deemed as a potential anti-biofilm agent in resisting infections involving biofilm formation like chronic wounds and surgical site infections.
| S-EPMC5376299 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The ESKAPE pathogens are a group of bacteria that are a leading cause of health-care associated infections and are known to be agents of chronic, biofilm-mediated infections. These chronic bacterial infections often respond poorly to antibiotics and in some cases may require surgical intervention in order to cure the infection. As biofilms are often the critical mediator of a chronic infection, it is essential to develop therapies that target bacteria within the biofilm state. Herein, we report the development of a rapid, 96-well plate-based assay that employs conditions specific for each species to optimize biofilm production and allow for easy identification of differences in biofilm mass after treatment with anti-biofilm candidates. We used these ESKAPE-specific biofilm assays to test our previously identified Salmonella anti-biofilm small molecule compounds, JG-1 and M4, for anti-biofilm activity. The results demonstrated that JG-1 and M4 have anti-biofilm activity against Enterobacter spp., S. aureus, E. faecium, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii. In addition, we identified that M4 has significant antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. faecium at concentrations >10 μM (X μg/mL). These findings support the claim that JG-1 and M4 have broad-spectrum anti-biofilm activity, while M4 has antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive members of the ESKAPE pathogens. Thus, these compounds have the potential to have a significant impact on treating multiple types of commonly encountered biofilm-mediated infections.
| S-EPMC10542598 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Bacteria employ a number of mechanisms to resist the effects of antibiotics, including the formation of biofilms. We explored the anti-biofilm capabilities of a library of compounds based upon a 2-aminoquinazoline (2-AQ) scaffold against Mycobacterium smegmatis. This study resulted in the identification of 2-AQ derivatives with biofilm inhibition activity against M. smegmatis.
| S-EPMC6640545 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Candida albicans (C. albicans), the most common fungal pathogen, has the ability to form a biofilm, leading to enhanced virulence and antibiotic resistance. Cocultimycin A, a novel antifungal antibiotic isolated from the co-culture of two marine fungi, exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on planktonic C. albicans cells. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-biofilm activity of cocultimycin A against C. albicans and explore its underlying mechanism. Crystal violet staining showed that cocultimycin A remarkably inhibited biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner and disrupted mature biofilms at higher concentrations. However, the metabolic activity of mature biofilms treated with lower concentrations of cocultimycin A significantly decreased when using the XTT reduction method. Cocultimycin A could inhibit yeast-to-hypha transition and mycelium formation of C. albicans colonies, which was observed through the use of a light microscope. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that biofilms treated with cocultimycin A were disrupted, yeast cells increased, and hypha cells decreased and significantly shortened. The adhesive ability of C. albicans cells treated with cocultimycin A to the medium and HOEC cells significantly decreased. Through the use of a qRT-PCR assay, the expression of multiple genes related to adhesion, hyphal formation and cell membrane changes in relation to biofilm cells treated with cocultimycin A. All these results suggested that cocultimycin A may be considered a potential novel molecule for treating and preventing biofilm-related C. albicans infections.
| S-EPMC10707031 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesRecurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) causes significant morbidity. Candida albicans is the main pathogen associated with both sporadic and recurrent candidiasis. Due to unsatisfactory treatment effect, the impact of chlorhexidine digluconate and fluconazole alone or in combination on C. albicans and biofilm was investigated.MethodsVaginal C. albicans isolates from 18 patients with recurrent candidiasis and commensals from 19 asymptomatic women were isolated by culture. Crystal violet, XTT and colony forming unit assay were used to analyze the effect of chlorhexidine digluconate and fluconazole on growth of C. albicans, formation of new and already established, mature, biofilm.ResultsFluconazole reduced the growth of planktonic C. albicans. However, in established biofilm, fluconazole had no effect on the candida cells and was not able to disperse and reduce the biofilm. By contrast, chlorhexidine digluconate had a direct killing effect on C. albicans grown both planktonically and in biofilm. Chlorhexidine digluconate also dispersed mature biofilm and inhibited formation of new biofilm. No major differences were observed between commensal isolates and candida causing recurrent vulvovaginitis with respect to biofilm or growth after chlorhexidine digluconate treatment.ConclusionBiofilm is a problem in patients with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis reducing the effect of antifungal treatment. Development of new treatment strategies are urgently needed to decrease the recurrences. In already established biofilm, chlorhexidine digluconate dispersed the biofilm and was more effective in eradicating candida compared to fluconazole. Future treatment strategy may thus be a combination of chlorhexidine digluconate and fluconazole and prophylactic use of chlorhexidine digluconate to prevent biofilm formation and restrict infections.
| S-EPMC7498037 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In contrast to enamel, dentin surfaces have been rarely used as substrates for studies evaluating the effects of experimental rinsing solutions on oral biofilm formation. The aim of the present in situ study was to investigate the effects of tannic acid and chitosan on 48-h biofilm formation on dentin surfaces. Biofilm was formed intraorally on dentin specimens, while six subjects rinsed with experimental solutions containing tannic acid, chitosan and water as negative or chlorhexidine as positive control. After 48 h of biofilm formation, specimens were evaluated for biofilm coverage and for viability of bacteria by fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, saliva samples were collected after rinsing and analyzed by fluorescence (five subjects) and transmission electron microscopy (two subjects) in order to investigate the antibacterial effect on bacteria in a planktonic state and to visualize effects of the rinsing agents on salivary proteins. After rinsing with water, dentin specimens were covered by a multiple-layered biofilm with predominantly vital bacteria. In contrast, chlorhexidine led to dentin surfaces covered only by few and avital bacteria. By rinsing with tannic acid both strong anti-adherent and antibacterial effects were observed, but the effects declined in a time-dependent manner. Transmission electron micrographs of salivary samples indicated that aggregation of proteins and bacteria might explain the antiadhesion effects of tannic acid. Chitosan showed antibacterial effects on bacteria in saliva, while biofilm viability was only slightly reduced and no effects on bacterial adherence on dentin were observed, despite proteins being aggregated in saliva after rinsing with chitosan. Tannic acid is a promising anti-biofilm agent even on dentin surfaces, while rinsing with chitosan could not sufficiently prevent biofilm formation on dentin.
| S-EPMC7961503 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The main objective of this research is to investigate the anti-biofilm and anti-bacterial activity of Sesbania grandiflora (S. grandiflora) against Staphylococcus aureus. S. grandiflora extract were prepared and analyzed with UV -Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Dynamic light scattering. Biofilm forming pathogens were identified by congo-red assay. Quantification of Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) particularly protein and carbohydrate were calculated. The efficacy of the herbal extract S. grandiflora and its inhibition against the pathogenic strain of S. aureus was also evaluated. The gradual decrease or disappearance of peaks reveals the reduction of protein and carbohydrate content in the EPS of S. aureus when treated with S. grandiflora. The antibacterial activity of S. grandiflora extract against the bacterial strain S. aureus showed that the extract were more active against the strain. To conclude, anti-biofilm and antibacterial efficacy of S. grandiflora plays a vital role over biofilm producing pathogens and act as a good source for controlling the microbial population.
| S-EPMC5655386 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Multifactorial antibacterial action is an important feature of honey; however, its bactericidal efficacy against biofilm-embedded bacteria is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of vitamin C (Vit C) on the antibacterial activity of natural honeys against planktonic as well as biofilm-embedded bacterial pathogens. The antibacterial activity of four honey samples supplemented with Vit C was expressed as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). At sub-MICs, Vit C significantly increased the antibacterial activity of the tested honeys against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in planktonic cultures. However, after supplementation, honeydew honey, the most active honey, was ineffective against Staphylococcus aureus. On the other hand, when 100% honeydew honey was supplemented with Vit C (100 mg/g of honey) in a multispecies wound biofilm model, complete eradication of almost all bacterial isolates, including S. aureus, was observed. Furthermore, a mixture of honey and Vit C was partially effective against Enterococcus faecalis, whereas honey alone exhibited no antibacterial activity against this bacterium. Vit C counteracted hydrogen peroxide in honey solution and, thus, eliminated the major antibacterial compound present in honey. It is likely that a combination of honey with Vit C may trigger the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species in bacterial cells, but the exact cellular mechanisms warrant further investigations.
| S-EPMC7070301 | biostudies-literature