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Elucidation of the Natural Function of Sophorolipids Produced by Starmerella bombicola.

ABSTRACT: The yeast Starmerella bombicola distinguishes itself from other yeasts by its potential of producing copious amounts of the secondary metabolites sophorolipids (SLs): these are glycolipid biosurfactants composed out of a(n) (acetylated) sophorose moiety and a lipid tail. Although SLs are the subject of numerous research papers and have been commercialized, e.g., in eco-friendly cleaning solutions, the natural function of SLs still remains elusive. This research article investigates several hypotheses for why S. bombicola invests that much energy in the production of SLs, and we conclude that the main natural function of SLs in S. bombicola is niche protection: (1) the extracellular storage of an energy-rich, yet metabolically less accessible carbon source that can be utilized by S. bombicola upon conditions of starvation with (2) antimicrobial properties. In this way, S. bombicola creates a dual advantage in competition with other microorganisms. Additionally, SLs can expedite growth on rapeseed oil, composed of triacylglycerols which are hydrophobic substrates present in the yeasts' environment, for a non-SL producing strain (Δcyp52M1). It was also found that-at least under lab conditions-SLs do not provide protection against high osmotic pressure prevalent in sugar-rich environments such as honey or nectar present in the natural habitat of S. bombicola.

SUBMITTER: De Clercq V

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8621470 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Identification of Four Secreted Aspartic Protease-Like Proteins Associated With Sophorolipids Synthesis in <i>Starmerella bombicola</i> CGMCC 1576.

Project description:The non-pathogenic yeast Starmerella bombicola CGMCC 1576 is an efficient producer of sophorolipids (SLs). The lactonic SLs are mainly produced with yeast extract, and the acidic SLs are mainly produced with ammonium sulfate. Naturally produced SLs are a mixture of various lactonic and acidic SLs. Usually, the SL mixture is not well separated technically, and the separation cost is relatively high. In order to reduce the cost of separation, four secreted aspartic protease-like proteins were identified through proteomic analysis of fermentation broth of S. bombicola under different nitrogen source conditions. The coding genes of the four proteins, namely, sapl1, sapl2, sapl3, and sapl4, are of high sequence similarity (above 55%) and included in a gene cluster. The expression of the four genes was significantly upregulated on (NH4)2SO4 compared with that on yeast extract. The four genes were deleted together to generate a strain Δsapl. The titer of SLs in Δsapl reached 60.71 g/L after 5 days of fermentation using (NH4)2SO4 as the nitrogen source and increased by 90% compared with the wild-type strain. The concentration of acidic SLs was 55.84 g/L, accounting for 92% of the total SLs. The yield of SLs from glucose (g/g) by Δsapl was 0.78, much higher than that by wild-type strain (0.47). However, no increase of SLs production was observed in Δsapl under yeast extract condition. Compared with that of the wild-type strain, the expression levels of the key genes for SLs synthesis were all upregulated to varying degrees in Δsapl under (NH4)2SO4 conditions, and particularly, the expression level of ugta1 encoding UDP glucosyltransferase was upregulated by 14.3-fold. The results suggest that the sapl gene cluster is negatively involved in the production of SLs in the case of (NH4)2SO4 by restraining the expression of the key genes involved in SLs synthesis. The Δsapl strain is an excellent producer of high-titer and high-yield acidic SLs.

| S-EPMC8476993 | biostudies-literature

Identification and definition of a Bro1 domain proteins associated with sophorolipids synthesis in Starmerella bombicola

Project description:The goals of this study are to compare different gene expressions for starmerella bombicola Bro1,gme3597 and gme3787 knockout strain, the reference strain wild-type was considered as a control. The deletion of Bro1 significantly downregulated genes involved in the sophorolipids synthesis-related pathwaw and resulted in the inability of the mutant to synthesize sophorolipids. The deletion of gme3696 also down-regulated the expression of sophorolipid synthesis-related genes. The knockout of gme3787 up-regulated the expression of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase.This study provides the information that Bro1 function are required in sophorolipids synthesis of starmerella bombicola.

2019-09-27 | GSE138083 | GEO

Elucidation of secondary alcohol metabolism in Starmerella bombicola and contribution of primary alcohol oxidase FAO1.

Project description:The yeast Starmerella bombicola NBRC10243 is an excellent producer of sophorolipids, which are among the most useful biosurfactants. The primary alcoholic metabolic pathway of S. bombicola has been elucidated using alcohol oxidase FAO1, but the secondary alcohol metabolic pathway remains unknown. Although the FAO1 mutant was unable to grow with secondary alcohols and seemed to be involved in the secondary alcohol metabolism pathway of S. bombicola, it had very low activity toward secondary alcohols. By analyzing the products of secondary alcohol metabolism, alkyl polyglucosides hydroxylated at the ω position in the alkyl chain of the secondary alcohol were observed in the FAO1 mutant, but not in the wild-type yeast. In the double mutant of FAO1 and UGTA1, accumulation of 1,13-tetradecandiol and 2,13-tetradecandiol was observed. The above results indicated that hydroxylation occurred first at the ω and ω-1 positions in the secondary alcohol metabolism of S. bombicola, followed by primary alcohol oxidation.

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A Cumulative Effect by Multiple-Gene Knockout Strategy Leads to a Significant Increase in the Production of Sophorolipids in <i>Starmerella Bombicola</i> CGMCC 1576.

Project description:Sophorolipids (SLs), an important biosurfactant produced by S. bombicola, were one of the most potential substitutes for chemical surfactants. Few reports on the transcriptional regulation of SLs synthesis and the engineered strains with high-yield SLs were available. In this study, a Rim9-like protein (Rlp) and three transcription factors (ztf1, leu3, gcl) were mined and analyzed, and a progressive enhancement of SLs production was achieved through cumulative knockouts of three genes. The sophorolipid production of ΔrlpΔleu3Δztf1 reached 97.44 g/L, increased by 50.51% than that of the wild-type strain. Compared with the wild-type strain, the flow of glucose to SLs synthesis pathways was increased, and the synthesis of branched-chain amino acids was reduced in ΔrlpΔleu3Δztf1. The amount of UDP-glucose, the substrate for two glycosyltransferases, also increased, and the expression level of the key genes sble and UGPase for SLs synthesis increased by 2.2 times, respectively. The multiple-gene knockout strategy was proved to be highly effective to construct the engineered strain with high-yield SLs production, and this strain was a superior strain for industrial fermentation of SLs and reduced SLs production costs.

| S-EPMC8959766 | biostudies-literature

Exploring the transportome of the biosurfactant producing yeast Starmerella bombicola.

Project description:Starmerella bombicola is a non-conventional yeast mainly known for its capacity to produce high amounts of the glycolipids 'sophorolipids'. Although its product has been used as biological detergent for a couple of decades, the genetics of S. bombicola are still largely unknown. Computational analysis of the yeast's genome enabled us to identify 254 putative transporter genes that make up the entire transportome. For each of them, a potential substrate was predicted using homology analysis, subcellular localization prediction and RNA sequencing in different stages of growth. One transporter family is of exceptional importance to this yeast: the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter Superfamily, because it harbors the main driver behind the highly efficient sophorolipid export. Furthermore, members of this superfamily translocate a variety of compounds ranging from antibiotics to hydrophobic molecules. We conducted an analysis of this family by creating deletion mutants to understand their role in the export of hydrophobic compounds, antibiotics and sophorolipids. Doing this, we could experimentally confirm the transporters participating in the efflux of medium chain fatty alcohols, particularly decanol and undecanol, and identify a second sophorolipid transporter that is located outside the sophorolipid biosynthetic gene cluster.

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Project description:Starmerella bombicola Raw sequence reads

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Project description:Starmerella bombicola overview

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Project description:NBRP: Genome sequencing of Starmerella bombicola JCM 9596

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Preparation of 20-HETE using multifunctional enzyme type 2-negative Starmerella bombicola.

Project description:The metabolism of arachidonic acid (ARA) by cytochrome P450 ?/?-1-hydroxylases leads to the formation of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), which is an important lipid-signaling molecule involved in regulation of vascular tone, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Development of a simple method to prepare 20-HETE would greatly facilitate the investigation of its biological activities. The nonpathogenic yeast Starmerella bombicola has been shown to convert exogenously added arachidonic acid to 20-HETE via the biosynthetic pathway of sophorolipids; however, the yield was low. Here we demonstrate that genetic knockout of multifunctional enzyme type 2 (MFE-2), which is involved in the ?-oxidation of fatty acids, significantly increases the yield of ARA conversion to 20-HETE and allows practical preparation of 20-HETE.

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Sophorolipids Production by Candida bombicola ATCC 22214 and its Potential Application in Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery.

Project description:Biosurfactant production using Candida bombicola ATCC 22214, its characterization and potential applications in enhancing oil recovery were studied at laboratory scale. The seed media and the production media were standardized for optimal growth and biosurfactant production. The production media were tested with different carbon sources: glucose (2%w/v) and corn oil (10%v/v) added separately or concurrently. The samples were collected at 24 h interval up to 120 h and checked for growth (OD660), and biosurfactant production [surface tension (ST) and interfacial tension (IFT)]. The medium with both glucose and corn oil gave better biosurfactant production and reduced both ST and IFT to 28.56 + 0.42mN/m and 2.13 + 0.09mN/m, respectively within 72 h. The produced biosurfactant was quite stable at 13-15% salinity, pH range of 2-12, and at temperature up to 100°C. It also produced stable emulsions (%E24) with different hydrocarbons (pentane, hexane, heptane, tridecane, tetradecane, hexadecane, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2,2,4,4,6,8-heptamethylnonane, light and heavy crude oil). The produced biosurfactant was extracted using ethyl acetate and characterized as a mixture of sophorolipids (SPLs). The potential of SPLs in enhancing oil recovery was tested using core-flooding experiments under reservoir conditions, where additional 27.27% of residual oil (Sor) was recovered. This confirmed the potential of SPLs for applications in microbial enhanced oil recovery.

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