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Investigation of Root Morphological Traits Using 2D-Imaging among Diverse Soybeans (Glycine max L.).

ABSTRACT: Roots are the most important plant organ for absorbing essential elements, such as water and nutrients for living. To develop new climate-resilient soybean cultivars, it is essential to know the variation in root morphological traits (RMT) among diverse soybean for selecting superior root attribute genotypes. However, information on root morphological characteristics is poorly understood due to difficulty in root data collection and visualization. Thus, to overcome this problem in root research, we used a 2-dimensional (2D) root image in identifying RMT among diverse soybeans in this research. We assessed RMT in the vegetative growth stage (V2) of 372 soybean cultivars propagated in polyvinyl chloride pipes. The phenotypic investigation revealed significant variability among the 372 soybean cultivars for RMT. In particular, RMT such as the average diameter (AD), surface area (SA), link average length (LAL), and link average diameter (LAD) showed significant variability. On the contrary RMT, as with total length (TL) and link average branching angle (LABA), did not show differences. Furthermore, in the distribution analysis, normal distribution was observed for all RMT; at the same time, difference was observed in the distribution curve depending on individual RMT. Thus, based on overall RMT analysis values, the top 5% and bottom 5% ranked genotypes were selected. Furthermore, genotypes that showed most consistent for overall RMT have ranked accordingly. This ultimately helps to identify four genotypes (IT 16538, IT 199127, IT 165432, IT 165282) ranked in the highest 5%, whereas nine genotypes (IT 23305, IT 208266, IT 165208, IT 156289, IT 165405, IT 165019, IT 165839, IT 203565, IT 181034) ranked in the lowest 5% for RMT. Moreover, principal component analysis clustered cultivar 2, cultivar 160, and cultivar 274 into one group with high RMT values, and cultivar 335, cultivar 40, and cultivar 249 with low RMT values. The RMT correlation results revealed significantly positive TL and AD correlations with SA (r = 0.96) and LAD (r = 0.85), respectively. However, negative correlations (r = -0.43) were observed between TL and AD. Similarly, AD showed a negative correlation (r = -0.22) with SA. Thus, this result suggests that TL is a more vital factor than AD for determining SA compositions.

SUBMITTER: Tripathi P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8622990 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Drought stress has been identified as the major environmental factor limiting soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield worldwide. Current breeding efforts in soybean largely focus on identifying genotypes with high seed yield and drought tolerance. Water use efficiency (WUE) that results in greater yield per unit rainfall is an important parameter in determining crop yields in many production systems, and is often related with crop drought tolerance. Even though roots are major plant organs that perceive and respond to drought stress, their utility in improving soybean yield and WUE under different environmental and management conditions are largely unclear. The objectives of this research was to evaluate soybean cultivars and breeding and germplasm lines for yield, WUE, root penetrability of hardpan, and root morphology. Field experiments were conducted at two locations in South Carolina (southeastern United States) during the 2017 cropping season to test the genotypes for yield and root morphology under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. Two independent controlled-environmental experiments were conducted to test the genotypes for WUE and root penetrability of synthetic hardpans. The slow wilting lines NTCPR94-5157 and N09-13890 had equal or greater yield than the checks- cultivar NC-Raleigh and the elite South Carolina breeding line SC07-1518RR, under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. The high yielding genotypes NTCPR94-5157, N09-13890, and SC07-1518RR exhibited root parsimony (reduced root development). This supported the recent hypothesis in literature that root parsimony would have adaptational advantage to improve yield under high input field conditions. The high yielding genotypes NTCPR94-5157, N09-13890, NC-Raleigh, and SC07-1518RR and a cultivar Boggs (intermediate in yield) possessed high WUE and had increased root penetrability of hardpans. These genotypes offer useful genetic materials for soybean breeding programs for improving yield, drought tolerance, and/or hardpan penetrability.

Project description:Much research has been conducted on the changes in gene expression of the model plant Arabidopsis to low-oxygen stress. Flooding results in a low oxygen environment in the root zone. However, there is ample evidence that tolerance to soil flooding is more than tolerance to low oxygen alone. In this study, we investigated the physiological response and differential expression of root-related transcription factors (TFs) associated with the tolerance of soybean plants to soil flooding. Differential responses of PI408105A and S99-2281 plants to ten days of soil flooding were evaluated at physiological, morphological and anatomical levels. Gene expression underlying the tolerance response was investigated using qRT-PCR of root-related TFs, known anaerobic genes, and housekeeping genes. Biomass of flood-sensitive S99-2281 roots remained unchanged during the entire 10 days of flooding. Flood-tolerant PI408105A plants exhibited recovery of root growth after 3 days of flooding. Flooding induced the development of aerenchyma and adventitious roots more rapidly in the flood-tolerant than the flood-sensitive genotype. Roots of tolerant plants also contained more ATP than roots of sensitive plants at the 7th and 10th days of flooding. Quantitative transcript analysis identified 132 genes differentially expressed between the two genotypes at one or more time points of flooding. Expression of genes related to the ethylene biosynthesis pathway and formation of adventitious roots was induced earlier and to higher levels in roots of the flood-tolerant genotype. Three potential flood-tolerance TFs which were differentially expressed between the two genotypes during the entire 10-day flooding duration were identified. This study confirmed the expression of anaerobic genes in response to soil flooding. Additionally, the differential expression of TFs associated with soil flooding tolerance was not qualitative but quantitative and temporal. Functional analyses of these genes will be necessary to reveal their potential to enhance flooding tolerance of soybean cultivars.

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Investigation of Root Morphological Traits Using 2D-Imaging among Diverse Soybeans (Glycine max L.).

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