Calciprotein Particles Link Disturbed Mineral Homeostasis with Cardiovascular Disease by Causing Endothelial Dysfunction and Vascular Inflammation.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Shishkova DK
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8626027 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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| S-EPMC8057528 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Calciprotein particles (CPPs), which increasingly arise in the circulation during the disorders of mineral homeostasis, represent a double-edged sword protecting the human organism from extraskeletal calcification but potentially causing endothelial dysfunction. Existing models, however, failed to demonstrate the detrimental action of CPPs on endothelial cells (ECs) under flow. Here, we applied a flow culture system, where human arterial ECs were co-incubated with CPPs for 4 h, and a normolipidemic and normotensive rat model (10 daily intravenous injections of CPPs) to simulate the scenario occurring in vivo in the absence of confounding cardiovascular risk factors. Pathogenic effects of CPPs were investigated by RT-qPCR and Western blotting profiling of the endothelial lysate. CPPs were internalised within 1 h of circulation, inducing adhesion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to ECs. Molecular profiling revealed that CPPs stimulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cell adhesion molecules VCAM1 and ICAM1 and upregulated transcription factors of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (Snail, Slug and Twist1). Furthermore, exposure to CPPs reduced the production of atheroprotective transcription factors KLF2 and KLF4 and led to YAP1 hypophosphorylation, potentially disturbing the mechanisms responsible for the proper endothelial mechanotransduction. Taken together, our results suggest the ability of CPPs to initiate endothelial dysfunction at physiological flow conditions.
| S-EPMC7699979 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The formation of fetuin-A-containing calciprotein particles (CPP) may facilitate the clearance of calcium phosphate nanocrystals from the extracellular fluid. These crystals may otherwise seed extra-osseous mineralization. Fetuin-A is a partially phosphorylated glycoprotein that plays a critical role in stabilizing these particles, inhibiting crystal growth and aggregation. CPP removal is thought to be predominantly mediated by cells of the reticuloendothelial system via type I and type II class A scavenger receptor (SR-AI/II). Naked calcium phosphate crystals are known to stimulate macrophages and other cell types in vitro, but little is known of the effect of CPP on these cells. We report here, for the first time, that CPP induce expression and secretion of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Importantly, however, CPP induced significantly lower cytokine secretion than hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals of equivalent size and calcium content. Furthermore, CPP only had a modest effect on macrophage viability and apoptosis, even at very high levels, compared to HAP crystals, which were strongly pro-apoptotic at much lower levels. Fetuin-A phosphorylation was found to modulate the effect of CPP on cytokine secretion and apoptosis, but not uptake via SR-AI/II. Prolonged exposure of macrophages to CPP was found to result in up-regulated expression of SR-AI/II. CPP formation may help protect against some of the pro-inflammatory and harmful effects of calcium phosphate nanocrystals, perhaps representing a natural defense system for calcium mineral stress. However, in pathological states where production exceeds clearance capacity, these particles may still stimulate pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic cascades in macrophages, which may be important in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification.
| S-EPMC3620111 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Calciprotein particles (CPPs) are indispensable scavengers of excessive Ca2+ and PO43- ions in blood, being internalised and recycled by liver and spleen macrophages, monocytes, and endothelial cells (ECs). Here, we performed a pathway enrichment analysis of cellular compartment-specific proteomes in primary human coronary artery ECs (HCAEC) and human internal thoracic artery ECs (HITAEC) treated with primary (amorphous) or secondary (crystalline) CPPs (CPP-P and CPPs, respectively). Exposure to CPP-P and CPP-S induced notable upregulation of: (1) cytokine- and chemokine-mediated signaling, Ca2+-dependent events, and apoptosis in cytosolic and nuclear proteomes; (2) H+ and Ca2+ transmembrane transport, generation of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation, and intrinsic apoptosis in the mitochondrial proteome; (3) oxidative, calcium, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, unfolded protein binding, and apoptosis in the ER proteome. In contrast, transcription, post-transcriptional regulation, translation, cell cycle, and cell-cell adhesion pathways were underrepresented in cytosol and nuclear compartments, whilst biosynthesis of amino acids, mitochondrial translation, fatty acid oxidation, pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, and energy generation were downregulated in the mitochondrial proteome of CPP-treated ECs. Differentially expressed organelle-specific pathways were coherent in HCAEC and HITAEC and between ECs treated with CPP-P or CPP-S. Proteomic analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear lysates from CPP-treated ECs confirmed bioinformatic filtration findings.
| S-EPMC10816121 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Endothelial dysfunction induced by hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) plays a critical role in vascular pathology. However, little is known about the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) redox homeostasis in HHcy-induced endothelial dysfunction. Here, we show that Hcy induces ER oxidoreductin-1? (Ero1?) expression with ER stress and inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and in the arteries of HHcy mice. Hcy upregulates Ero1? expression by promoting binding of hypoxia-inducible factor 1? to the ERO1A promoter. Notably, Hcy rather than other thiol agents markedly increases the GSH/GSSG ratio in the ER, therefore allosterically activating Ero1? to produce H2O2 and trigger ER oxidative stress. By contrast, the antioxidant pathway mediated by ER glutathione peroxidase 7 (GPx7) is downregulated in HHcy mice. Ero1? knockdown and GPx7 overexpression protect the endothelium from HHcy-induced ER oxidative stress and inflammation. Our work suggests that targeting ER redox homeostasis could be used as an intervention for HHcy-related vascular diseases.
| S-EPMC6174864 | biostudies-other
Project description:The earliest atherosclerotic lesions preferentially develop in arterial regions experienced disturbed blood flow, which induces endothelial expression of pro-atherogenic genes and the subsequent endothelial dysfunction. Our previous study has demonstrated an up-regulation of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and a global hypermethylation in vascular endothelium subjected to disturbed flow. Here, we determined that DNMT1-specific inhibition in arterial wall ameliorates the disturbed flow-induced atherosclerosis through, at least in part, targeting cell cycle regulator cyclin A and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). We identified the signaling pathways mediating the flow-induction of DNMT1. Inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) suppressed the DNMT1 up-regulation both in vitro and in vivo. Together, our results demonstrate that disturbed flow influences endothelial function and induces atherosclerosis in an mTOR/DNMT1-dependent manner. The conclusions obtained from this study might facilitate further evaluation of the epigenetic regulation of endothelial function during the pathological development of atherosclerosis and offer novel prevention and therapeutic targets of this disease.
| S-EPMC5678172 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Calciprotein particles (CPPs), assembled as a result of molecular interactions between fetuin-A and nascent calcium phosphate clusters, are indispensable scavengers of excessive Ca2+ and PO43– ions, thus representing an elegant mechanism which regulates mineral homeostasis. Generation of CPPs represents an evolutionary mechanism to prevent blood supersaturation with Ca2+ and PO43– ions (e.g., as a result of bone resorption) and to thwart extraskeletal calcification, a pathological condition which is frequent in patients with chronic kidney disease. It is believed that formation of CPPs accompanied evolution from the appearance of bony fish; the existence of CPPs in more ancient animals remains uncertain. Shortly after emergence, amorphous, spherical, and submicrometer-sized (30-100 nm) primary CPPs (CPP-P) evolve into crystalline, spindle- or needle-shaped, and micrometer-sized (100-300 nm) secondary CPPs (CPP-S). Upon executing their function of aggregating Ca2+ and PO43– ions, CPPs are removed from the circulation by endothelial cells (ECs), monocytes, and liver or spleen macrophages. Internalisation and digestion of CPPs by ECs induce a chain of detrimental events including an increase in cytosolic Ca2+, mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress, nuclear factor (NF)-κB-mediated transcriptional response and cytokine release, ultimately contributing to the development of pro-inflammatory endothelial activation, chronic low-grade inflammation, and inflammaging. Pathological permeability of dysfunctional endothelium promotes lipid retention and leukocyte extravasation, together contributing to the development of vascular inflammation, proteolytic environment, degradation of basement membrane and internal elastic lamina, and contractile-to-synthetic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells. Such an ensemble of molecular events ultimately induces intimal hyperplasia, vascular remodeling, and atherosclerotic progression. Hence, CPPs act as a double-edged sword which rescues the human body from an acute life-threatening disease (i.e., extraskeletal calcification) at the cost of promoting long-lasting conditions (i.e., endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis). Among the several forms of calcium transfer (free Ca2+ ions, colloidal calciprotein monomers, and particulate CPPs), CPPs are the most efficient in delivering calcium stress to ECs because of their deposition and dissolution in lysosomes, followed by a lysosomal membrane permeabilisation and an excessive Ca2+ migration into the cytosol. The molecular pattern of CPP-induced calcium stress within the ECs is well defined and includes elevated expression of cell adhesion molecules (VCAM1, ICAM1, and E-selectin) and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition transcription factors (SNAI1, SNAI2, TWIST1, and ZEB1) in combination with an endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling. However, our knowledge on extracellular signatures of such endothelial response remains limited to an augmented release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1/CCL2, MIF, CXCL1, and MIP-3α/CCL20) and pro- or anti-thrombotic molecules (serpin E1/PAI-1 and uPAR). As EC-secreted bioactive factors (termed angiokines) control vascular tone, maintain hemostasis, and regulate instructive signaling governing local homeostasis within the most organs, decryption and interpretation of endothelial secretome in physiological and pathological conditions is of utmost importance. Discovery of a circulating biomarkers specific for endothelial dysfunction, which can be measured by a routine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, might inform on specific disease states and prompt to the respective pharmacological interventions. Here, we aimed at deciphering the secretome of ECs treated with either CPP-P or CPP-S, employing ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for the analysis of serum-free cell culture supernatant. For the objective comparison of heterogeneous arterial ECs, we utilised human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) and human internal thoracic artery endothelial cells (HITAEC) which comprise an innermost lining in atheroprone and atheroresistant blood vessels (coronary artery and internal thoracic artery, respectively).
2024-10-24 | PXD055909 | Pride
Project description:BACKGROUND:The size of secondary calciprotein particles (CPP2) and the speed of transformation (T50) from primary calciprotein particles (CPP1) to CPP2 in serum may be associated with vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS:We developed a high throughput, microplate-based assay using dynamic light scattering (DLS) to measure the transformation of CPP1 to CPP2, hydrodynamic radius (Rh) of CPP1 and CPP2, T50 and aggregation of CPP2. We used this DLS assay to test the hypothesis that a large Rh of CPP2 and/or a fast T50 are associated with VC in 45 participants with CKD Stages 4-5 (22 without VC and 23 with VC) and 17 healthy volunteers (HV). VC was defined as a Kauppila score >6 or an Adragao score ≥3. RESULTS:CKD participants with VC had larger cumulants Rh of CPP2 {370 nm [interquartile range (IQR) 272-566]} compared with CKD participants without VC [212 nm (IQR 169-315)] and compared with HV [168 nm (IQR 145-352), P < 0.01 for each]. More CPP2 were in aggregates in CKD participants with VC than those without VC (70% versus 36%). The odds of having VC increased by 9% with every 10 nm increase in the Rh of CPP2, after adjusting for age, diabetes, serum calcium and phosphate [odds ratio 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03, 1.16, P = 0.005]. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for VC of CPP2 size was 0.75 (95% CI 0.60, 0.90). T50 was similar in CKD participants with and without VC, although both groups had a lower T50 than HV. CONCLUSIONS:Rh of CPP2, but not T50, is independently associated with VC in patients with CKD Stages 4-5.
| S-EPMC6545469 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Calciprotein particles (CPPs), colloidal mineral-protein nanoparticles, have emerged as potential mediators of phosphate toxicity in dialysis patients, with putative links to vascular calcification, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. We hypothesized that phosphate binder therapy with sucroferric oxyhydroxide (SO) would reduce endogenous CPP levels and attenuate pro-calcific and pro-inflammatory effects of patient serum towards human vascular cells in vitro. This secondary analysis of a randomised controlled crossover study compared the effect of 2-week phosphate binder washout with high-dose (2000 mg/day) and low-dose (250 mg/day) SO therapy in 28 haemodialysis patients on serum CPP levels, inflammatory cytokine/chemokine arrays and human aortic smooth muscle cell (HASMC) and coronary artery endothelial cell (HCAEC) bioassays. In our cohort (75% male, 62 ± 12 years) high-dose SO reduced primary (amorphous) and secondary (crystalline) CPP levels {-62% [95% confidence interval (CI) -76 to -44], P < .0001 and -38% [-62 to -0.14], P < .001, respectively} compared with washout. Nine of 14 plasma cytokines/chemokines significantly decreased with high-dose SO, with consistent reductions in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8. Exposure of HASMC and HCAEC cultures to serum of SO-treated patients reduced calcification and markers of activation (IL-6, IL-8 and vascular cell adhesion protein 1) compared with washout. Serum-induced HASMC calcification and HCAEC activation was ameliorated by removal of the CPP-containing fraction from patient sera. Effects of CPP removal were confirmed in an independent cohort of chronic kidney disease patients. High-dose SO reduced endogenous CPP formation in dialysis patients and yielded serum with attenuated pro-calcific and inflammatory effects in vitro.
| S-EPMC10157755 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common cause of cognitive impairment amongst the elderly. However, there are no known disease-modifying therapies for VaD, probably due to incomplete understanding of the molecular basis of the disease. Despite the complex etiology of neurodegenerative conditions, a growing body of research now suggests the potential involvement of metal dyshomeostasis in the pathogenesis of several of the age-related dementias. However, by comparison, there remains little research investigating brain metal levels in VaD. In order to shed light on the possible involvement of metal dyshomeostasis in VaD, we employed inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry to quantify the levels of essential metals in post-mortem VaD brain tissue (n = 10) and age-/sex-matched controls (n = 10) from seven brain regions. We found novel evidence for elevated wet-weight cerebral sodium levels in VaD brain tissue in six out of the seven regions analyzed. Decreased cerebral-potassium levels as well as increased Na/K ratios (consistent with high tissue sodium and low potassium levels) were also observed in several brain regions. These data suggest that reduced Na+/K+-exchanging ATPase (EC 7.2.2.13) activity could contribute to the contrasting changes in sodium and potassium measured here.
| S-EPMC9340791 | biostudies-literature