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Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Amoxicillin Combined With Clavulanic Acid in Healthy and Critically Ill Dogs.

ABSTRACT: Background: Data regarding antimicrobial pharmacokinetics (PK) in critically ill dogs are lacking and likely differ from those of healthy dogs. The aim of this work is to describe a population PK model for intravenous (IV) amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC) in both healthy and sick dogs and to simulate a range of clinical dosing scenarios to compute PK/PD cutoffs for both populations. Methods: This study used a prospective clinical trial in normal and critically ill dogs. Twelve client-owned dogs hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) received IV AMC 20 mg/kg every 8 h (0.5-h infusion) during at least 48 h. Eight blood samples were collected at predetermined times, including four trough samples before the next administration. Clinical covariates and outcome were recorded, including survival to discharge and bacteriologic clinical failure. Satellite PK data were obtained de novo from a group of 12 healthy research dogs that were dosed with a single AMC 20 mg/kg IV. Non-linear mixed-effects model was used to estimate the PK parameters (and the effect of health upon them) together with variability within and between subjects. Monte Carlo simulations were performed with seven dosage regimens (standard and increased doses). The correlation between model-derived drug exposure and clinical covariates was tested with Spearman's non-parametric correlation analysis. Outcome was recorded including survival to discharge and bacteriologic clinical failure. Results: A total of 218 amoxicillin concentrations in plasma were available for healthy and sick dogs. A tricompartmental model best described the data. Amoxicillin clearance was reduced by 56% in sick dogs (0.147 L/kg/h) compared with healthy dogs (0.336 L/kg/h); intercompartmental clearance was also decreased (p <0.01). None of the clinical data covariates were significantly correlated with individual exposure. Monte Carlo simulations showed that higher PK/PD cutoff values of 8 mg/L could be reached in sick dogs by extending the infusion to 3 h or doubling the dose. Conclusions: The PK of AMC is profoundly different in critically ill dogs compared with normal dogs, with much higher interindividual variability and a lower systemic clearance. Our study allows to generate hypotheses with regard to higher AMC exposure in clinical dogs and provides supporting data to revise current AMC clinical breakpoint for IV administration.

SUBMITTER: Vegas Comitre MD

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8636140 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundDespite limited evidence of efficacy, antibiotic treatment is still frequently prescribed in dogs with uncomplicated acute diarrhea (AD).ObjectiveTo assess whether amoxicillin-clavulanic acid has a clinical benefit, an effect on the fecal microbiome, and the proportion of amoxicillin-resistant Escherichia coli in dogs with AD.AnimalsSixteen dogs with AD of <3?days duration.MethodsProspective, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study. Clinical scores were compared between client-owned dogs randomly assigned to an antibiotic (AG) or a placebo (PG) group. The intestinal microbiome was analyzed using quantitative PCR assays. Amoxicillin-resistant fecal E. coli were assessed semiquantitatively with microbiological methods.ResultsThere was no difference in clinical recovery between treated dogs or controls (CADS index day 10: AG group median: 2 (range: 1-3; CI [1.4; 2.6]); PG group median: 1.6 (range: 1-3; CI [1.1; 2.4]); P >?.99). All dogs gained normal clinical scores (CADS index ?3) after 1 to 6?days (median 2?days) after presentation. There was no significant difference in the fecal dysbiosis index (during treatment: AG mean -2.6 (SD 3.0; CI [-5.1; 0.0]); PG mean -0.8 (SD 4.0; CI [-4.2; 2.5]; P >?.99) or its bacterial taxa. The proportion of resistant fecal E. coli increased (to median: 100%; range: 35%-100%) during treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and was still increased (median: 10%; range 2%-67%) 3?weeks after treatment, both of which were significantly higher proportions than in the placebo group for both time points (during treatment AG median 100% versus PG median 0.2% (P <?.001); after treatment AG median 10% versus PG median 0.0% (P =?.002)).Conclusions and clinical importanceOur study suggests that treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid confers no clinical benefit to dogs with AD, but predisposes the development of amoxicillin-resistant E. coli, which persist for as long as 3?weeks after treatment. These findings support international guideline recommendations that dogs with diarrhea should not be treated with antimicrobials unless there are signs of sepsis.

Project description:Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC) is one of the most frequently prescribed antibiotic formulations in the Western world. Extensive oral use of this antimicrobial combination influences the gut microbiota. One of the most abundant early colonizers of the human gut microbiota is represented by different taxa of the Bifidobacterium genus, which include many members that are considered to bestow beneficial effects upon their host. In the current study, we investigated the impact of AMC administration on the gut microbiota composition, comparing the gut microbiota of 23 children that had undergone AMC antibiotic therapy to that of 19 children that had not been treated with antibiotics during the preceding 6 months. Moreover, we evaluated AMC sensitivity by MIC test of 261 bifidobacterial strains, including reference strains for the currently recognized 64 bifidobacterial (sub)species, as well as 197 bifidobacterial isolates of human origin. These assessments allowed the identification of four bifidobacterial strains that exhibit a high level of AMC insensitivity, which were subjected to genomic and transcriptomic analyses to identify the putative genetic determinants responsible for this AMC insensitivity. Furthermore, we investigated the ecological role of AMC-resistant bifidobacterial strains by in vitro batch cultures.IMPORTANCE Based on our results, we observed a drastic reduction in gut microbiota diversity of children treated with antibiotics, which also affected the abundance of Bifidobacterium, a bacterial genus commonly found in the infant gut. MIC experiments revealed that more than 98% of bifidobacterial strains tested were shown to be inhibited by the AMC antibiotic. Isolation of four insensitive strains and sequencing of their genomes revealed the identity of possible genes involved in AMC resistance mechanisms. Moreover, gut-simulating in vitro experiments revealed that one strain, i.e., Bifidobacterium breve PRL2020, is able to persist in the presence of a complex microbiota combined with AMC antibiotic.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Sufentanil is commonly used for analgesia and sedation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Both ECMO and the pathophysiological changes derived from critical illness have significant effects on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of drugs, yet reports of ECMO and sufentanil PK are scarce. Here, we aimed to develop a population PK model of sufentanil in ECMO patients and to suggest dosing recommendations. METHODS:This prospective cohort PK study included 20 patients who received sufentanil during venoarterial ECMO (VA-ECMO). Blood samples were collected for 96?h during infusion and 72?h after cessation of sufentanil. A population PK model was developed using nonlinear mixed effects modelling. Monte Carlo simulations were performed using the final PK parameters with two typical doses. RESULTS:A two-compartment model best described the PK of sufentanil. In our final model, increased volume of distribution and decreased values for clearance were reported compared with previous PK data from non-ECMO patients. Covariate analysis showed that body temperature and total plasma protein level correlated positively with systemic clearance (CL) and peripheral volume of distribution (V2), respectively, and improved the model. The parameter estimates of the final model were as follows: CL?=?37.8?×?EXP (0.207?×?(temperature?-?36.9))?L h-1, central volume of distribution (V1)?=?229?L, V2?=?1640?×?(total plasma protein/4.5)2.46?L, and intercompartmental clearance (Q)?=?41?L?h-1. Based on Monte Carlo simulation results, an infusion of 17.5??g?h-1 seems to reach target sufentanil concentration (0.3-0.6??g?L-1) in most ECMO patients except hypothermic patients (33?°C). In hypothermic patients, over-sedation, which could induce respiratory depression, needs to be monitored especially when their total plasma protein level is low. CONCLUSIONS:This is the first report on a population PK model of sufentanil in ECMO patients. Our results suggest that close monitoring of the body temperature and total plasma protein level is crucial in ECMO patients who receive sufentanil to provide effective analgesia and sedation and promote recovery. TRIAL REGISTRATION:Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02581280 , December 1st, 2014.

Project description:Lotilaner is a new oral ectoparasiticide from the isoxazoline class developed for the treatment of flea and tick infestations in dogs. It is formulated as pure S-enantiomer in flavoured chewable tablets (Credelio™). The pharmacokinetics of lotilaner were thoroughly determined after intravenous and oral administration and under different feeding regimens in dogs.Twenty-six adult beagle dogs were enrolled in a pharmacokinetic study evaluating either intravenous or oral administration of lotilaner. Following the oral administration of 20 mg/kg, under fed or fasted conditions, or intravenous administration of 3 mg/kg, blood samples were collected up to 35 days after treatment. The effects of timing of offering food and the amount of food consumed prior or after dosing on bioavailability were assessed in a separate study in 25 adult dogs. Lotilaner blood concentrations were measured using a validated liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis. In addition, in vivo enantiomer stability was evaluated in an analytical study.Following oral administration in fed animals, lotilaner was readily absorbed and peak blood concentrations reached within 2 hours. The terminal half-life was 30.7 days. Food enhanced the absorption, providing an oral bioavailability above 80% and reduced the inter-individual variability. Moreover, the time of feeding with respect to dosing (fed 30 min prior, fed at dosing or fed 30 min post-dosing) or the reduction of the food ration to one-third of the normal daily ration did not impact bioavailability. Following intravenous administration, lotilaner had a low clearance of 0.18 l/kg/day, large volumes of distribution Vz and Vss of 6.35 and 6.45 l/kg, respectively and a terminal half-life of 24.6 days. In addition, there was no in vivo racemization of lotilaner.The pharmacokinetic properties of lotilaner administered orally as a flavoured chewable tablet (Credelio™) were studied in detail. With a Tmax of 2 h and a terminal half-life of 30.7 days under fed conditions, lotilaner provides a rapid onset of flea and tick killing activity with consistent and sustained efficacy for at least 1 month.

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Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Amoxicillin Combined With Clavulanic Acid in Healthy and Critically Ill Dogs.

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