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Hydrothermal Synthesis of Biomass-Derived Magnetic Carbon Composites for Adsorption and Catalysis.

ABSTRACT: The synthesis of magnetic iron-carbon composites (Fe/C) from waste avocado seeds via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has been demonstrated for the first time. These materials are shown to be effective in adsorption and catalytic applications, with performances comparable to or higher than materials produced through conventional processing routes. Avocado seeds have been processed in high-temperature water (230 °C) at elevated pressure (30 bar at room temperature) in the presence of iron nitrate and iron sulfate, in a process mimicking natural coalification. Characterization of the synthesized material has been carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), magnetometry, and through surface area measurements. The supported iron particles are observed to be predominately magnetite, with an oxidized hematite surface region. The presence of iron catalyzes the formation of an extended, ordered polymeric structure in the avocado seed-derived carbon. The magnetic Fe/C has been demonstrated as an adsorbent for environmental wastewater treatment using methylene blue and indigo carmine. Kinetic analysis suggests that the adsorbates are chemisorbed, with the positive surface charge of Fe/C being preferential for indigo carmine adsorption (49 mg g-1). Additionally, Fe/C has been evaluated as a heterogeneous catalyst for the hydroalkoxylation of phenylacetylene with ethylene glycol to 2-benzyl-1,3-dioxolane. Product yields of 45% are obtained, with 100% regioselectivity to the formed isomer. The solid catalyst has the advantages of being prepared from a waste material and of easy removal after reaction via magnetic separation. These developments provide opportunities to produce carbon-based materials for a variety of high-value applications, potentially also including energy storage and biopharmaceuticals, from a wide range of lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks.

SUBMITTER: Davies G

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8655907 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Addressing the growing need for methods for ecofriendly dye removal from aqueous media, this study explores the potential of rice husks coated with iron oxide (Fe2O3@RH composites) for efficient Acid Blue 25 decontamination. The adsorption potential of Acid Blue 25 is analyzed using raw rice husks and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in the literature, but their enhanced removal capacity by means of Fe2O3@RH composites is reported for the first time in this study. Fe2O3@RH composites were analyzed by using analytical techniques such as TGA, SEM, FTIR, BET, and the point of zero charge (pH(PZC)). The Acid Blue 25 adsorption experiment using Fe2O3@RH composites showed maximum adsorption at an initial concentration of Acid Blue 25 of 80 ppm, a contact time of 50 min, a temperature of 313 K, 0.25 g of Fe2O3@RH composites, and a pH of 2. The maximum percentage removal of Acid Blue 25 was found to be 91%. Various linear and nonlinear kinetic and isothermal models were used in this study to emphasize the importance and necessity of the adsorption process. Adsorption isotherms such as the Freundlich, Temkin, Langmuir, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) models were applied. The results showed that all the isotherms were best fitted on the data, except the linear form of the D-R isotherm. Adsorption kinetics such as the intraparticle kinetic model, the Elovich kinetic model, and the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were applied. All the kinetic models were found to be best fitted on the data, except the PSO model (types II, III, and IV). Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG° (KJ/mol), ΔH° (KJ/mol), and ΔS° (J/K*mol) were studied, and the reaction was found to be exothermic in nature with an increase in the entropy of the system, which supported the adsorption phenomenon. The current study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the adsorption process and its underlying mechanisms through characterization, the optimization of the conditions, and the application of various models. The findings of the present study suggest practical applications of this method in wastewater treatment and environmental remediation.

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Hydrothermal Synthesis of Biomass-Derived Magnetic Carbon Composites for Adsorption and Catalysis.

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