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Ginsenoside Rb1 Mitigates Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Endometritis through TLR4-Mediated NF-κB Pathway.

ABSTRACT: Endometritis is the inflammatory response of the endometrial lining of the uterus and is associated with low conception rates, early embryonic mortality, and prolonged inter-calving intervals, and thus poses huge economic losses to the dairy industry worldwide. Ginsenoside Rb1 (GnRb1) is a natural compound obtained from the roots of Panax ginseng, having several pharmacological and biological properties. However, the anti-inflammatory properties of GnRb1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged endometritis through the TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway has not yet been researched. This study was planned to evaluate the mechanisms of how GnRb1 rescues LPS-induced endometritis. In the present research, histopathological findings revealed that GnRb1 ameliorated LPS-triggered uterine injury. The ELISA and RT-qPCR assay findings indicated that GnRb1 suppressed the expression level of pro-inflammatory molecules (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and boosted the level of anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine. Furthermore, the molecular study suggested that GnRb1 attenuated TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling. The results demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of GnRb1 in the mouse model of LPS-triggered endometritis via the inhibition of the TLR4-associated NF-κB pathway. Taken together, this study provides a baseline for the protective effect of GnRb1 to treat endometritis in both humans and animals.

SUBMITTER: Shaukat A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8659231 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundPersistent endometritis caused by bacterial infections has lethal effects on the reproductive performance of dairy cattle, which compromises animal welfare and delays or prevents pregnancy. The microRNA (miRNA) miR-34 family plays a pivotal role in the inflammatory process; however, the precise mechanism of miR-34a in endometritis has not been thoroughly elucidated to date.MethodsIn this study, the endometrium of cows diagnosed with endometritis was harvested for bacterial culture and Gram staining to evaluate bacterial contamination of the uterus. Based on this, a bovine endometrial epithelial cell (BEND) inflammation model and a mouse model stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro and in vivo were constructed. Cell viability was assessed by CCK-8, trypan blue staining, and flow cytometry. H&E was applied to histopathological analysis. Immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, and western blot assays were performed to measure the mRNA and protein expression of relevant genes. Online databases, plasmid construction, and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays were used to predict and validate the interaction between miR-34a and its target gene LGR4. Finally, mice were injected vaginally with a local antagomir to validate the role of miR-34a in murine uterine inflammation.ResultsIn this study, we observed that Gram-negative bacteria, represented by Escherichia coli, are the predominant pathogenic agents responsible for the recurrent occurrence of endometritis in dairy cows. Further, miR-34a was found to repress the expression of LGR4 by targeting the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of LGR4. miR-34a was upregulated in bovine uterine tissues and bovine endometrial epithelial cells stimulated with LPS. miR-34a induced the release of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α by activating the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. Furthermore, IL-1β upregulated miR-34a transcription and downregulated LGR4 expression in an IL-1β-dependent manner.ConclusionsTaken together, our study confirmed that miR-34a is regulated by IL-1β and suppresses the level of the LGR4 3'UTR, which in turn exacerbates the inflammatory response. Thus, the knockdown of miR-34a might be a new direction for the treatment of endometritis.

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Ginsenoside Rb1 Mitigates Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Endometritis through TLR4-Mediated NF-κB Pathway.

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