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Estimation of cost efficiency of fattening pigs, sows, and piglets using SFA approach analysis: Evidence from China.

ABSTRACT: The hog industry is the core industry in the field of agriculture and animal husbandry in China, which development is related to the improvement of people's quality of life. The production of the hog industry has been restricted by environmental regulations, which needs to reduce costs and improve efficiency. Based on the data of 29 provinces from 2008 to 2019, this paper aims to use the stochastic frontier analysis method to calculate the cost efficiency of fattening pigs, sows, and piglets in three stages of pig production and focuses on the impact of environmental regulation policies on cost efficiency. The study found that the cost efficiency of fattening pigs, sows, and piglets in China were 0.77, 0.79, and 0.53, respectively, and the efficiency losses were 23%, 21%, and 47%, respectively. The impact of environmental regulation policies on the cost efficiency of fattening pigs showed an ' N ' trend, and the impact on the cost efficiency of sows and piglets showed an inverted ' N ' trend. For fattening pigs, increasing the intensity of environmental regulation, and exceeding the second inflection point of the ' N ' curve can achieve the dual goals of environmental governance and cost reduction and efficiency increase. For sows, reducing the intensity of environmental regulation appropriately can avoid cost-efficiency loss. For piglets, environmental regulation policies have not effectively incentives the cost efficiency of piglets. In addition, raising the level of technology investment in fattening pigs and sows can achieve cost efficiency gains, and can farmers use emerging financial product tools such as ' insurance + futures ' to avoid market risks and efficiency losses.

SUBMITTER: Wang G

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8668113 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:In pigs, Chlamydia suis has been associated with respiratory disease, diarrhea and conjunctivitis, but there is a high rate of inapparent C. suis infection found in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Tetracycline resistance in C. suis has been described in the USA, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, Cyprus and Israel. Tetracyclines are commonly used in pig production due to their broad-spectrum activity and relatively low cost. The aim of this study was to isolate clinical C. suis samples in cell culture and to evaluate their antibiotic susceptibility in vitro under consideration of antibiotic treatment on herd level. Swab samples (n = 158) identified as C. suis originating from 24 farms were further processed for isolation, which was successful in 71% of attempts with a significantly higher success rate from fecal swabs compared to conjunctival swabs. The farms were divided into three treatment groups: A) farms without antibiotic treatment, B) farms with prophylactic oral antibiotic treatment of the whole herd consisting of trimethoprime, sulfadimidin and sulfathiazole (TSS), or C) farms giving herd treatment with chlortetracycline with or without tylosin and sulfadimidin (CTS). 59 isolates and their corresponding clinical samples were selected and tested for the presence or absence of the tetracycline resistance class C gene [tet(C)] by conventional PCR and isolates were further investigated for their antibiotic susceptibility in vitro. The phenotype of the investigated isolates was either classified as tetracycline sensitive (Minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] < 2 ?g/ml), intermediate (2 ?g/ml ? MIC < 4 ?g/ml) or resistant (MIC ? 4 ?g/ml). Results of groups and individual pigs were correlated with antibiotic treatment and time of sampling (beginning/end of the fattening period). We found clear evidence for selective pressure as absence of antibiotics led to isolation of only tetracycline sensitive or intermediate strains whereas tetracycline treatment resulted in a greater number of tetracycline resistant isolates.

Project description:In the recent years, the burgeoning non-performing assets (NPAs) have become a matter of concern and scrutiny in India as the surge in NPAs impinge on the credit services of the banks, make the banks vulnerable to external shocks, leave them with less cushion in case of idiosyncratic shocks and thus, leading to the abrasion of their productive capital. In this backdrop, some very normative questions become inevitable. How has the technical efficiency of the banks in India changed over time especially after the asset quality review, 2016? How does undesirable output like non-performing assets (NPA) impact the technical efficiency of banks in India? Does technical efficiency have anything to do with the ownership of banks? These are some of the questions we endeavour to answer through our study by employing three cornerstone methodologies namely DEA, Malmquist productivity index and SFA in the banking sector for the period 2014-2020.The results obtained from employing DEA and SFA both points toward the heterogeneity in the technical efficiency of public sector banks and private sectors banks operating in India. The results obtained from DEA are majorly three-fold. Firstly, private sector banks have fared better than the public sector banks, while the SFA scores show that the public sector ownership promotes efficiency. Secondly, the technical efficiency of public sector banks has consistently been falling from 2014 to 2017 only to rise in the later years, evidence corroborated by the SFA scores also. This trend is in line with the slew of measures adopted by the government and RBI like AQR and mergers of banks subsequently. Although according to the Malmquist productivity decomposition results, we find that productivity of banks have been falling for the period 2014-2020. Thirdly, the non-performing assets are detrimental for the efficiency of the banks. Like DEA, the SFA results also shows the presence of technical inefficiency in the Indian banking sector and a similar trend in the technical efficiency wherein the scores decline from 2014 through 2017 and then they rise subsequently.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40953-021-00247-x.

Project description:BackgroundListeria (L.) monocytogenes as the causative agent of listeriosis in humans and different animal species, has its reservoir in the environment. It can be found in the gut and faeces of healthy pigs, but under certain circumstances it may cause clinical disease. Fatteners are usually not known to get affected by Listeria-associated septicaemia and enteritis. This case report shows, that L. monocytogenes should be part of the list of differential diagnoses, when fattening pigs suffer from haemorrhagic diarrhoea and septicaemia.Case presentationHere, we report of an episode of fatal listeriosis in fattening pigs in a piglet producing farm in Lower Austria, which was combined with a fattening unit with space for 450 fatteners. The mortality rate resulted in 7.8% among fattening pigs after suffering from clinical symptoms such as anorexia, bloody diarrhoea and increased body temperature. Two fattening pigs with clinical symptoms and maize silage samples were used for further diagnostics. L. monocytogenes were isolated from serosa samples of the pigs and in the corresponding fed maize silage. One animal was positively tested for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, which may have also been involved in the development of colitis. Immunohistochemically, L. monocytogenes could be detected in high amounts in lymphatic tissue of the gut. Molecular biological characterisation of the L. monocytogenes isolates from pigs and maize silage resulted in an identical DNA-fingerprint assigned to sequence type (ST) 21. Additionally, a high content of deoxynivalenol (3000 parts per billion) was found in maize silage. Therefore, the maize silage produced under inappropriate ensilaging conditions in a silo, was most likely the source of infection. Antimicrobial therapy with amoxicillin led to a fast cure of the remaining affected fatteners.ConclusionTo conclude, we were able to show, that L. monocytogenes can cause clinical disease in finishing pigs, which may have been a result of immunosuppression due to high deoxynivalenol exposure. When feeding silage it is important that all ensilaging procedures occur under appropriate anaerobic conditions to guarantee suppression of listerial growth.

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Estimation of cost efficiency of fattening pigs, sows, and piglets using SFA approach analysis: Evidence from China.

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