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Differential Effects of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D₃ versus 1α 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ on Adipose Tissue Browning in CKD-Associated Cachexia.

ABSTRACT: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often have low serum concentrations of 25(OH)D₃ and 1,25(OH)₂D₃. We investigated the differential effects of 25(OH)D₃ versus 1,25(OH)₂D₃ repletion in mice with surgically induced CKD. Intraperitoneal supplementation of 25(OH)D₃ (75 μg/kg/day) or 1,25(OH)₂D₃ (60 ng/kg/day) for 6 weeks normalized serum 25(OH)D₃ or 1,25(OH)₂D₃ concentrations in CKD mice, respectively. Repletion of 25(OH)D₃ normalized appetite, significantly improved weight gain, increased fat and lean mass content and in vivo muscle function, as well as attenuated elevated resting metabolic rate relative to repletion of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ in CKD mice. Repletion of 25(OH)D₃ in CKD mice attenuated adipose tissue browning as well as ameliorated perturbations of energy homeostasis in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, whereas repletion of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ did not. Significant improvement of muscle fiber size and normalization of fat infiltration of gastrocnemius was apparent with repletion of 25(OH)D₃ but not with 1,25(OH)₂D₃ in CKD mice. This was accompanied by attenuation of the aberrant gene expression of muscle mass regulatory signaling, molecular pathways related to muscle fibrosis as well as muscle expression profile associated with skeletal muscle wasting in CKD mice. Our findings provide evidence that repletion of 25(OH)D₃ exerts metabolic advantages over repletion of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ by attenuating adipose tissue browning and muscle wasting in CKD mice.

SUBMITTER: Mak RH

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8699879 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Elevated concentrations of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) are postulated to promote 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) insufficiency in CKD by stimulating 24-hydroxylation of this metabolite, leading to its subsequent degradation; however, prospective human studies testing this relationship are lacking.An open-label prospective study was conducted from October 2010 through July 2012 to compare the effect of 8 weeks of oral cholecalciferol therapy (50,000 IU twice weekly) on the production of 24,25(OH)2D3 in vitamin D-insufficient patients with CKD (n=15) and controls with normal kidney function (n=15). Vitamin D metabolites were comprehensively profiled at baseline and after treatment, along with FGF23 and other mineral metabolism parameters.Vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 concentrations increased equivalently in the CKD and control groups following cholecalciferol treatment (median D3 change, 8.6 ng/ml [interquartile range, 3.9-25.6 ng/ml] for controls versus 12.6 ng/ml [6.9-41.2 ng/ml] for CKD [P=0.15]; 25(OH)D3 change, 39.2 ng/ml [30.9-47.2 ng/ml] for controls versus 39.9 ng/ml [31.5-44.1 ng/ml] for CKD [P=0.58]). Likewise, the absolute increase in 1?,25(OH)2D3 was similar between CKD participants and controls (change, 111.2 pg/ml [64.3-141.6 pg/ml] for controls versus 101.1 pg/ml [74.2-123.1 pg/ml] for CKD; P=0.38). Baseline and post-treatment 24,25(OH)2D3 concentrations were lower in the CKD group; moreover, the absolute increase in 24,25(OH)2D3 after therapy was markedly smaller in patients with CKD (change, 2.8 ng/ml [2.3-3.5 ng/ml] for controls versus 1.2 ng/ml [0.6-1.9 ng/ml] for patients with CKD; P<0.001). Furthermore, higher baseline FGF23 concentrations were associated with smaller increments in 24,25(OH)2D3 for individuals with CKD; this association was negated after adjustment for eGFR by multivariate analysis.Patients with CKD exhibit an altered ability to increase serum 24,25(OH)2D3 after cholecalciferol therapy, suggesting decreased 24-hydroxylase activity in CKD. The observed relationship between baseline FGF23 and increments in 24,25(OH)2D3 further refutes the idea that FGF23 directly contributes to 25(OH)D insufficiency in CKD through stimulation of 24-hydroxylase activity.

Project description:Age-associated decline in muscle function represents a significant public health burden. Vitamin D-deficiency is also prevalent in aging subjects, and has been linked to loss of muscle mass and strength (sarcopenia), but the precise role of specific vitamin D metabolites in determining muscle phenotype and function is still unclear. To address this we quantified serum concentrations of multiple vitamin D metabolites, and assessed the impact of these metabolites on body composition/muscle function parameters, and muscle biopsy gene expression in a retrospective study of a cohort of healthy volunteers. Active serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1?,25(OH)2D3), but not inactive 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3), correlated positively with measures of lower limb strength including power (rho = 0.42, p = 0.02), velocity (Vmax, rho = 0.40, p = 0.02) and jump height (rho = 0.36, p = 0.04). Lean mass correlated positively with 1?,25(OH)2D3 (rho = 0.47, p = 0.02), in women. Serum 25OHD3 and inactive 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25(OH)2D3) had an inverse relationship with body fat (rho = -0.30, p = 0.02 and rho = -0.33, p = 0.01, respectively). Serum 25OHD3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 were also correlated with urinary steroid metabolites, suggesting a link with glucocorticoid metabolism. PCR array analysis of 92 muscle genes identified vitamin D receptor (VDR) mRNA in all muscle biopsies, with this expression being negatively correlated with serum 25OHD3, and Vmax, and positively correlated with fat mass. Of the other 91 muscle genes analysed by PCR array, 24 were positively correlated with 25OHD3, but only 4 were correlated with active 1?,25(OH)2D3. These data show that although 25OHD3 has potent actions on muscle gene expression, the circulating concentrations of this metabolite are more closely linked to body fat mass, suggesting that 25OHD3 can influence muscle function via indirect effects on adipose tissue. By contrast, serum 1?,25(OH)2D3 has limited effects on muscle gene expression, but is associated with increased muscle strength and lean mass in women. These pleiotropic effects of the vitamin D 'metabolome' on muscle function indicate that future supplementation studies should not be restricted to conventional analysis of the major circulating form of vitamin D, 25OHD3.

Project description:OBJECTIVE:Supplementing lactating mothers with high doses of vitamin D3 can adequately meet vitamin D requirements of the breastfed infant. We compared the effect of bolus versus daily vitamin D3 dosing in lactating mothers on vitamin D3 catabolism. We hypothesized that catabolism of 25(OH)D3 to 24,25(OH)2D3 would be greater in the bolus than in the daily dose group. DESIGN, SETTING AND PATIENTS:Randomized controlled trial (clinicaltrials.govNCT01240265) in 40 lactating women. INTERVENTIONS:Subjects were randomized to receive vitamin D3 orally, either a single dose of 150,000IU or 5000IU daily for 28days. Vitamin D metabolites were measured in serum and breast milk at baseline, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:Temporal changes in the serum 24,25(OH)2D3/25(OH)D3 ratio. RESULTS:The concentration of serum 24,25(OH)2D3 was directly related to that of 25(OH)D in both groups (r2=0.63; p<0.001). The mean (±SD) 24,25(OH)2D3/25(OH)D3 ratio remained lower at all time points than baseline values in the daily dose group (0.093±0.024, 0.084±0.025, 0.083±0.024, 0.080±0.020, 0.081±0.023, 0.083±0.018 at baseline, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28days, respectively). In the single dose group, the increase in 24,25(OH)2D3 lagged behind that of 25(OH)D, but the 24,25(OH)2D3/25(OH)D3 values (0.098±0.032, 0.067±0.019, 0.081±0.017, 0.092±0.024, 0.103±0.020, 0.106±0.024, respectively) exceeded baseline values at 14 and 28days and were greater than the daily dose group at 14 and 28days (p=0.003). The 24,25(OH)2D3/25(OH)D3 ratio remained in the normal range with both dosing regimens. Greater breast milk vitamin D3 values in the single dose group were inversely associated with the 24,25(OH)2D3/25(OH)D3 ratio (r2=0.14, p<0.001), but not with daily dosing. CONCLUSIONS:After a 14-day lag, a single high dose of vitamin D led to greater production of 24,25(OH)2D3, presumably via induction of the 24-hydroxylase enzyme (CYP24A1), relative to the 25(OH)D3 value than did daily vitamin D supplementation, and this effect persisted for at least 28days after vitamin D administration. A daily dose of vitamin D may have more lasting effectiveness in increasing 25(OH)D3 with lesser diversion of 25(OH)D3 to 24,25(OH)2D3 than does larger bolus dosing.

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Differential Effects of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 versus 1α 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Adipose Tissue Browning in CKD-Associated Cachexia.

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Differential Effects of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D₃ versus 1α 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ on Adipose Tissue Browning in CKD-Associated Cachexia.