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Biocontrol Effect and Possible Mechanism of Food-Borne Sulfide 3-Methylthio-1-Propanol Against Botrytis cinerea in Postharvest Tomato.

ABSTRACT: Botrytis cinerea is one of the most destructive fungal pathogens causing tremendous losses in fresh fruit or vegetables. 3-Methylthio-1-propanol (3-MP) is a naturally occurring food-borne sulfide, which is mainly used to increase the flavor in food. However, the potential application of 3-MP in the postharvest phase to manage fruit fungal diseases has not been explored. In this study, the antifungal activity of 3-MP against B. cinerea was evaluated, and the possible mechanism involved was explored. In vitro 3-MP treatment could effectively inhibit the mycelial growth, spore germination, and germ tube elongation of B. cinerea. 3-MP also impaired the spore viability and membrane integrity of B. cinerea as well as increased the leakage of nucleic acids, proteins, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in B. cinerea. In vivo 3-MP fumigation treatment inhibited the infection of B. cinerea on tomato fruits. Also, the fruits with 3-MP fumigation treatment exhibited higher antioxidant enzyme activity, lower MDA content, and a significant delay of induction of the expression of most of the stress-related genes when compared to the control group. Moreover, a cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that 3-MP had no toxicity to normal cells in a certain concentration range. Collectively, our research results will provide evidence for the development of food-borne sulfide 3-MP as a fungicide in food and agriculture and will provide an important reference for the formulation of B. cinerea biocontrol strategies.

SUBMITTER: Feng S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8713891 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea is a major cause of post-harvest rot of fresh fruits and vegetables. The utilization of selected microorganisms as biocontrol agents is a promising alternative to effectively control gray mold on tomatoes. The current study was conducted to explore potential biocontrol mechanisms of the Pseudomonas strain to control infections on post-harvest tomatoes. Among the 8 tested bacterial isolates, Pseudomonas protegens ML15 demonstrated antagonistic activity to Botrytis cinerea. Moreover, P. protegens ML15 exhibited the production of siderophores, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, exopolysaccharides, lipase, biosurfactant, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, and several other antifungal compounds, such as 1-tetradecanol, cyclododecane, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, and 2-methyl-1-hexadecanol. A comprehensive genomic analysis of P. protegens ML15 unravels 18 distinct genetic regions with the potential for biosynthesizing secondary metabolites, known for their pivotal role in biocontrol responses against plant pathogens. In vivo, experiments showed that both culture suspension and cell-free supernatant of P. protegens ML15 significantly reduced fungal growth (53.0 ± 0.63%) and mitigated disease development (52.8 ± 1.5%) in cherry tomatoes at four days post-B. cinerea inoculation. During the infection, the application of P. protegens ML15 resulted in the augmentation of total antioxidant, phenolic content, and ascorbic acids content. Thus, our results suggested that P. protegens ML15's role as a biocontrol agent against B. cinerea-induced postharvest tomato decay achieved through the secretion of antifungal substances, induction of tomato defense responses, and inhibition of mycelial growth of B. cinerea. These findings provide a significant contribution to the ongoing search for alternative, eco-friendly methods of controlling gray mold in fresh products. The utilization of P. protegens ML15 as a biocontrol agent could help to reduce the reliance on chemical fungicides and promote sustainable agriculture practices.

Project description:Botrytis cinerea infection can be very devastating for tomato production, as it can result in a large-scale reduction in tomato fruit production and fruit quality after harvest. Thus, it negatively affects tomato yield and quality. In this study, a biocontrol bacteria CQ-4 was isolated and screened from the rhizosphere soil of tomato plants. Morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that it belongs to the species Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which has a strong antagonistic effect against Botrytis cinerea. In addition, the bacterium's antibacterial spectrum is relatively extensive, and antagonistic tests have shown that it also has varying degrees of inhibition on other 12 plant diseases. The growth promotion test showed that the strain has a clear promotion effect on tomato seed germination and seedling growth. The growth-promoting effect on plant height, stem thickness, dry and fresh weight and main root length of tomato seedlings was significantly improved after the seeds were soaked in a bacterial solution of 2.5 × 108 cfu mL-1 concentration. This did not only maintain the nutritional quality of tomato fruits, but also prevents them from rotting. In vitro and pot experiments showed that the strain CQ-4 can effectively control tomato gray mold, and the control effects on tomato leaves and fruits reached 74.4% and 66.0%, respectively. Strain CQ-4 induce plants to up-regulate the activities of four disease-resistant defense enzymes. The peak enzymatic activities of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) were increased by 35.6%, 37.6%, 46.1%, and 38.4%, respectively, as compared with the control group. This study found that the strain can solubilize phosphorus, fix nitrogen, and produce cellulase, protease, ferrophilin, and other antibacterial metabolites, but it does not produce chitinase, glucanase, and HCN (hydrocyanic acid). This research screened out an excellent Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain that can stably and effectively control tomato gray mold, and it provided theoretical basis for further development and the application of biological agents.

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Biocontrol Effect and Possible Mechanism of Food-Borne Sulfide 3-Methylthio-1-Propanol Against Botrytis cinerea in Postharvest Tomato.

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