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Explaining Ayurvedic preparation of Rasasindura, its toxicological effects on NIH3T3 cell line and zebrafish larvae.

ABSTRACT: Rasasindura is a mercury-based medicinal formulation that contains HgS (>99%). Although cinnabar ore was a well-known mineral in the past, the Ayurvedic practitioner adopted a critical and tedious procedure for the preparation of Rasasindura. Therefore, it is essential to understand the Ayurvedic process in the perspective of material science. Further, a toxicity study is also required as mercury is the main component in Rasasindura. Here, in the present study, we characterized Rasasindura and one of its intermediates (Kajjali) to understand the physicochemical changes that occur in the Ayurvedic process. Furthermore, we have assessed the toxicity of Kajjali and Rasasindura in NIH3T3 cell lines and zebrafish larvae. XRD analysis of Rasasindura confirms it as a highly pure α-HgS with size ranges from nano to micron sizes (starting from ∼80 nm). Whereas, Kajjali is a β-HgS having lower size ranges (starting from ∼30 nm). Rasasindura did not show significant cytotoxicity on NIH3T3 cell line up to 75 ppm, whereas for Kajjali, cytotoxicity was observed above 20 ppm. The higher toxicity of Kajjali is due to higher penetration of particles into the cells. However, in zebrafish larvae, even at too high concentrations (1000 ppm), both Rasasindura and Kajjali did not show any toxicity or morphological changes. This study concludes that Rasasindura is not toxic up to a reasonable concentration. Further, these two drugs did not contain toxic organic mercuric compound; otherwise, it could have been lethal to the zebrafish larvae.

SUBMITTER: Biswas S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8728081 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:This study investigated how Atlantic sturgeon cells respond to elevated temperatures, shedding light on the potential impacts of climate change on fish. Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus), an IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List species and evolutionarily related to paleonisiform species, may have considerable physiological adaptability, suggesting that this species may be able to cope with changing climatic conditions and higher temperatures. To test this hypothesis, the AOXlar7y cell line was examined at 20 °C (control) and at elevated temperatures of 25 °C and 28 °C. Parameters including proliferation, vitality, morphology, and gene expressions related to proliferation, stemness, and stress were evaluated. Additionally, to achieve a comprehensive understanding of cellular changes, mitochondrial and metabolic activities were assessed using Seahorse XF96. AOXlar7y cells adapted to 28 °C exhibited enhanced mitochondrial adaptability, plasticity, heightened cell proliferation, and increased hsp70 expression. Increased baseline respiration indicated elevated ATP demand, which is potentially linked to higher cell proliferation and heat stress defense. Cells at 28 °C also displayed elevated reserve respiration capacity, suggesting adaptation to energy demands. At 25 °C, AOXlar7y cells showed no changes in basal respiration or mitochondrial capacity, suggesting unchanged ATP demand compared to cells cultivated at 20 °C. Proliferation and glycolytic response to energy requirements were diminished, implying a connection between glycolysis inhibition and proliferation suppression. These research results indicate sturgeon cells are capable of withstanding and adapting to an 8 °C temperature increase. This cellular analysis lays a foundation for future studies aimed at a deeper understanding of fish cell physiological adaptations, which will contribute to a better knowledge of environmental threats facing Atlantic sturgeon and fish populations amid climate change.

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Explaining Ayurvedic preparation of Rasasindura, its toxicological effects on NIH3T3 cell line and zebrafish larvae.

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