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Green and Highly-Efficient Microwave Synthesis Route for Sulfur/Carbon Composite for Li-S Battery.

ABSTRACT: Multiporous carbons (MPCs) are prepared using ZnO as a hard template and biomass pyrolysis oil as the carbon source. It is shown that the surface area, pore volume, and mesopore/micropore ratio of the as-prepared MPCs can be easily controlled by adjusting the ZnO/oil ratio. Sulfur/MPC (S/MPC) composite is prepared by blending sulfur powder with the as-prepared MPCs followed by microwave heating at three different powers (100 W/200 W/300 W) for 60 s. The unique micro/mesostructure characteristics of the resulting porous carbons not only endow the S/MPC composite with sufficient available space for sulfur storage, but also provide favorable and efficient channels for Li-ions/electrons transportation. When applied as the electrode material in a lithium-ion battery (LIB), the S/MPC composite shows a reversible capacity (about 500 mAh g^-1) and a high columbic efficiency (>95%) after 70 cycles. Overall, the method proposed in this study provides a simple and green approach for the rapid production of MPCs and S/MPC composite for high-performance LIBs.

SUBMITTER: Hsu CH

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8744887 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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N-doped CNTs wrapped sulfur-loaded hierarchical porous carbon cathode for Li-sulfur battery studies.

Project description:Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are considered promising next-generation energy storage devices due to their low cost and high energy density (2600 W h kg-1). However, the practical applicability of Li-S batteries is hindered by the insulating nature of sulfur cathodes, and the high solubility of polysulfides (Li2Sx, 3 < x ≤ 8) which are formed during the electrochemical process. Integrating sulfur into the carbon host is an effective way to enhance the conductivity of the electrode which hampers the shuttling effect of the polysulfides. Here in this study, hierarchical porous carbon structures (HPC) are prepared from spent coffee waste (SCW) by the KOH activation process and are encapsulated with sulfur (SHPC) which increases the interaction between sulfur and carbon and enhances both the electronic and ionic conductivities. Further wrapping of SHPC with N-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) gives a SHPC-NCNT composite, which alleviates the shuttling of polysulfides by trapping them and ensures the required conductivity to the sulfur cathode during the Li+ reactions. When studied as a cathode material for Li-S batteries, the prepared cathode showed 664 and 532 mA h g-1 specific capacities after 150 cycles at 0.2C and 0.5C, respectively. The stable cyclability and rate capability properties of SPHCNCNT suggest that the prepared sulfur composite is suitable as a cathode material for Li+ energy storage applications.

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Project description:In this paper, a meso-porous TiO2 (titania) coating is shown to effectively protect a carbon-sulfur composite cathode from polysulfide dissolution. The cathode consisted of a sulfur impregnated carbon support coated with a few microns thick mesoporous titania layer. The carbon-sulfur cathode is made using activated carbon powder (ACP) derived from biomass. The mesoporous titania coated carbon-sulfur cathodes exhibit a retention capacity after 100 cycles at C/3 rate (433 mA g -1) and stabilized at a capacity around 980 mA h g-1. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the sulfur cathodes suggests that the charge transfer resistance at the anode, (R act) is stable for the titania coated sulfur electrode in comparison to a continuous increase in R act for the uncoated electrode implying mitigation of polysulfide shuttling for the protected cathode. Stability in the cyclic voltammetry (CV) data for the first 5 cycles further confirms the polysulfide containment in the titania coated cathode while the uncoated sulfur electrode shows significant irreversibility in the CV with considerable shifting of the voltage peak positions. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies confirm the adsorption of soluble polysulfides by mesoporous titania.

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Project description:As lithium-ion battery (LIB) anode materials, porous carbons with high specific surface area are highly required because they can well accommodate huge volume expansion/contraction during cycling. In this work, hierarchically porous carbon (HPC) with high specific surface area (~1714.83 m2 g-1) is synthesized from biomass reed flowers. The material presents good cycling stability as an LIB anode, delivering an excellent reversible capacity of 581.2 mAh g-1 after cycling for 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g-1, and still remains a reversible capacity of 298.5 mAh g-1 after cycling for 1000 cycles even at 1000 mA g-1. The good electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the high specific surface area of the HPC network, which provides rich and fast paths for electron and ion transfer and provides large contact area and mutual interactions between the electrolyte and active materials. The work proposes a new route for the preparation of low cost carbon-based anodes and may promote the development of other porous carbon materials derived from various biomass carbon sources.

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