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Comparative Study of Different Methods of Synthesis and Their Effect on the Thermomechanical Properties of a Halogenated Epoxy-Based Flame-Retardant Resin.

ABSTRACT: The work presented in this paper deals with the comparative synthesis of diglycidyl ether-based tetrabromobisphenol-A(TBBPA) using both conventional and nonconventional methods in order to explore materials for better industrial applications with respect to effective yield, cost, and time consideration. The conventional method involved the polycondensation of TBBPA and epichlorohydrin in the presence of an alkali catalyst. The nonconventional routes adopted for the synthesis of the material involved ultrasonication, microwave irradiation, and UV light exposure. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra of all the synthesized materials of the resin were found to be identical, and the X-ray diffraction analysis showed the material as amorphous. The mechanical studies of the resins revealed that all these resins synthesized by different methods are strong and possess high viscosity. Based on the overall thermal, rheological, and excellent hydrophobic properties, it can serve as an excellent flame retardant.

SUBMITTER: Fayaz I

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8756803 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Comparative Study of Different Methods of Synthesis and Their Effect on the Thermomechanical Properties of a Halogenated Epoxy-Based Flame-Retardant Resin.

Fayaz Iram I Peerzada Ghulam Mustafa GM Ganaie Nadeem Bashir NB

ACS omega 20211227 1

The work presented in this paper deals with the comparative synthesis of diglycidyl ether-based tetrabromobisphenol-A(TBBPA) using both conventional and nonconventional methods in order to explore materials for better industrial applications with respect to effective yield, cost, and time consideration. The conventional method involved the polycondensation of TBBPA and epichlorohydrin in the presence of an alkali catalyst. The nonconventional routes adopted for the synthesis of the material invo ...[more]

PMID: 35036767

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Project description:In this work, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was surface-modified by bio-based arginine (Arg) for the first time to enhance its flame retardance for fire-safety epoxy resin (EP). The structure of Arg modified APP (Arg-APP) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results illustrated that Arg was attached on the surface of APP through a cation exchange reaction. With Arg acting as the efficient carbon source, the char-forming ability of Arg-APP was significantly improved as illustrated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The flame retardance of EP/APP and EP/Arg-APP composites was evaluated using the limit oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning tests (UL-94), and cone calorimeter tests (CCT). The results showed that at the same weight loading (15 wt%), Arg-APP had better flame retardance and smoke suppression performance compared with pristine APP, which can be attributed to Arg-APP constituting an integrated intumescent flame retardant (IFR) and facilitating formation of char residues with significantly expanded structures and higher carbonization degrees. When the weight loading of Arg-APP reached 25 wt%, the EP/Arg-APP composite could achieve an LOI value as high as 34.7%, pass V-0 requirements in UL-94 tests, and decrease the peak heat release rate and total smoke production by 83.5% and 61.1% compared with neat EP in CCT, respectively, indicating the superior flame retardance performance of Arg-APP. Finally, the effects of the flame retardant additives on the mechanical properties of EP were evaluated by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests and tensile-strain tests. At the same additive weight loading (15 wt%), the EP/Arg-APP composite showed higher glass-transition temperature and better tensile-strain properties compared with EP/APP composite, which can be attributed to the Arg shell structure improving the compatibility between APP and the organic substrate. In conclusion, this work presents a convenient and environmentally friendly method to improve the practical performance of APP.

Project description:The effects of combining 0.1-5 wt % graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) and 3-30 wt % phosphorous flame retardant, 9,10- dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as fillers in epoxy polymer on the mechanical, flame retardancy, and electrical properties of the epoxy nanocomposites was investigated. GNP was homogeneously dispersed into the epoxy matrix using a solvent-free three-roll milling process, while DOPO was incorporated into the epoxy resin by mechanical stirring at elevated temperature. The incorporation of DOPO reduced the crosslinking density of the epoxy resin. When using polyetheramine as a hardener, the structural rigidity effect of DOPO overshadowed the crosslinking effect and governed the flexural moduli of epoxy/DOPO resins. The flexural moduli of the nanocomposites were improved by adding GNP up to 5 wt % and DOPO up to 30 wt %, whereas the flexural strengths deteriorated when the GNP and DOPO loading were higher than 1 wt % and 10 wt %, respectively. Limited by the adverse effects on mechanical property, the loading combinations of GNP and DOPO within the range of 0-1 wt % and 0-10 wt %, respectively, in epoxy resin were further studied. Flame retardancy index (FRI), which depended on three parameters obtained from cone calorimetry, was considered to evaluate the flame retardancy of the epoxy composites. DOPO showed better performance than GNP as the flame retardant additive, while combining DOPO and GNP could further improve FRI to some extent. With the combination of 0.5 wt % GNP and 10 wt % DOPO, improvement in both mechanical properties and flame retardant efficiency of the nanocomposite was observed. Such a combination did not affect the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites since the percolation threshold was at 1.6 wt % GNP. Our results enhance the understanding of the structure-property relationship of additive-filled epoxy resin composites and serve as a property constraining guidance for the composite manufacturing.

Dataset Information

Comparative Study of Different Methods of Synthesis and Their Effect on the Thermomechanical Properties of a Halogenated Epoxy-Based Flame-Retardant Resin.

Publications

Comparative Study of Different Methods of Synthesis and Their Effect on the Thermomechanical Properties of a Halogenated Epoxy-Based Flame-Retardant Resin.

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