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ENAMPT neutralization reduces preclinical ARDS severity via rectified NFkB and Akt/mTORC2 signaling.

ABSTRACT: Despite encouraging preclinical data, therapies to reduce ARDS mortality remains a globally unmet need, including during the COVID-19 pandemic. We previously identified extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (eNAMPT) as a novel damage-associated molecular pattern protein (DAMP) via TLR4 ligation which regulates inflammatory cascade activation. eNAMPT is tightly linked to human ARDS by biomarker and genotyping studies in ARDS subjects. We now hypothesize that an eNAMPT-neutralizing mAb will significantly reduce the severity of ARDS lung inflammatory lung injury in diverse preclinical rat and porcine models. Sprague Dawley rats received eNAMPT mAb intravenously following exposure to intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or to a traumatic blast (125 kPa) but prior to initiation of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) (4 h). Yucatan minipigs received intravenous eNAMPT mAb 2 h after initiation of septic shock and VILI (12 h). Each rat/porcine ARDS/VILI model was strongly associated with evidence of severe inflammatory lung injury with NFkB pathway activation and marked dysregulation of the Akt/mTORC2 signaling pathway. eNAMPT neutralization dramatically reduced inflammatory indices and the severity of lung injury in each rat/porcine ARDS/VILI model (~ 50% reduction) including reduction in serum lactate, and plasma levels of eNAMPT, IL-6, TNFα and Ang-2. The eNAMPT mAb further rectified NFkB pathway activation and preserved the Akt/mTORC2 signaling pathway. These results strongly support targeting the eNAMPT/TLR4 inflammatory pathway as a potential ARDS strategy to reduce inflammatory lung injury and ARDS mortality.

SUBMITTER: Bermudez T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8758770 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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eNAMPT Neutralization Preserves Lung Fluid Balance and Reduces Acute Renal Injury in Porcine Sepsis/VILI-Induced Inflammatory Lung Injury.

Project description:Background: Numerous potential ARDS therapeutics, based upon preclinical successful rodent studies that utilized LPS challenge without mechanical ventilation, have failed in Phase 2/3 clinical trials. Recently, ALT-100 mAb, a novel biologic that neutralizes the TLR4 ligand and DAMP, eNAMPT (extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase), was shown to reduce septic shock/VILI-induced porcine lung injury when delivered 2 h after injury onset. We now examine the ALT-100 mAb efficacy on acute kidney injury (AKI) and lung fluid balance in a porcine ARDS/VILI model when delivered 6 h post injury. Methods/Results: Compared to control PBS-treated pigs, exposure of ALT-100 mAb-treated pigs (0.4 mg/kg, 2 h or 6 h after injury initiation) to LPS-induced pneumonia/septic shock and VILI (12 h), demonstrated significantly diminished lung injury severity (histology, BAL PMNs, plasma cytokines), biochemical/genomic evidence of NF-kB/MAP kinase/cytokine receptor signaling, and AKI (histology, plasma lipocalin). ALT-100 mAb treatment effectively preserved lung fluid balance reflected by reduced BAL protein/tissue albumin levels, lung wet/dry tissue ratios, ultrasound-derived B lines, and chest radiograph opacities. Delayed ALT-100 mAb at 2 h was significantly more protective than 6 h delivery only for plasma eNAMPT while trending toward greater protection for remaining inflammatory indices. Delayed ALT-100 treatment also decreased lung/renal injury indices in LPS/VILI-exposed rats when delivered up to 12 h after LPS. Conclusions: These studies indicate the delayed delivery of the eNAMPT-neutralizing ALT-100 mAb reduces inflammatory lung injury, preserves lung fluid balance, and reduces multi-organ dysfunction, and may potentially address the unmet need for novel therapeutics that reduce ARDS/VILI mortality.

| S-EPMC9257134 | biostudies-literature

Extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (eNAMPT) neutralization counteracts T cell immune evasion in breast cancer.

Project description:BackgroundNicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a key intracellular enzyme that participates in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) homeostasis as well as a released cytokine (eNAMPT) that is elevated in inflammatory conditions and in cancer. In patients with breast cancer, circulating eNAMPT is elevated and its plasma levels correlate with prognosis and staging. In light of this, we investigated the contribution of eNAMPT in triple negative mammary carcinoma progression by investigating the effect of its neutralization via a specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody (C269).MethodsWe used female BALB/c mice injected with 4T1 clone 5 cells and female C57BL6 injected with EO771 cells, evaluating tumoral size, spleen weight and number of metastases. We injected two times a week the anti-eNAMPT neutralizing antibody and we sacrificed the mice after 28 days. Harvested tumors were analyzed by histopathology, flow cytometry, western blot, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and RNA sequencing to define tumor characteristics (isolating tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and tumoral cells) and to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the observed phenotype. Moreover, we dissected the functional relationship between T cells and tumoral cells using three-dimensional (3D) co-cultures.ResultsThe neutralization of eNAMPT with C269 led to decreased tumor size and reduced number of lung metastases. RNA sequencing and functional assays showed that eNAMPT controlled T-cell response via the programmed death-ligand 1/programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-L1/PD-1) axis and its neutralization led to a restoration of antitumoral immune responses. In particular, eNAMPT neutralization was able to activate CD8+IFNγ+GrzB+ T cells, reducing the immunosuppressive phenotype of T regulatory cells.ConclusionsThese studies indicate for the first time eNAMPT as a novel immunotherapeutic target for triple negative breast cancer.

| S-EPMC10603332 | biostudies-literature

IL-13 neutralization effect on COVID-19 severity

Project description:We investigated the effect of IL-13 neutralization on COVID-19 disease progression in mice.

2021-07-23 | GSE180557 | GEO

Lysosome Positioning Influences mTORC2 and AKT Signaling.

Project description:Growth factor signaling is initiated at the plasma membrane and propagated through the cytoplasm for eventual relay to intracellular organelles such as lysosomes. The serine/threonine kinase mTOR participates in growth factor signaling as a component of two multi-subunit complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 associates with lysosomes, and its activity depends on the positioning of lysosomes within the cytoplasm, although there is no consensus regarding the exact effect of perinuclear versus peripheral distribution. mTORC2 and its substrate kinase AKT have a widespread distribution, but they are thought to act mainly at the plasma membrane. Using cell lines with knockout of components of the lysosome-positioning machinery, we show that perinuclear clustering of lysosomes delays reactivation of not only mTORC1, but also mTORC2 and AKT upon serum replenishment. These experiments demonstrate the existence of pools of mTORC2 and AKT that are sensitive to lysosome positioning.

| S-EPMC7446307 | biostudies-literature

Lysosomal mTORC2/PHLPP1/Akt Regulate Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy.

Project description:Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), a selective form of degradation of cytosolic proteins in lysosomes, contributes to maintenance of proteostasis and to the cellular adaptation to stress. CMA substrates are delivered by a cytosolic chaperone to the lysosomal surface, where, upon unfolding, they are internalized through a membrane translocation complex. The molecular components that participate in CMA substrate targeting and translocation are well characterized, but those involved in CMA regulation remain mostly unknown. In this study, we have identified that CMA is under the positive control of the phosphatase PHLPP1 that associates with the lysosomal membrane and counteracts the inhibitory effect of mTORC2 on CMA. Lysosomal Akt, a target of the mTORC2/PHLPP1 kinase-phosphatase pair, modulates CMA activity by controlling the dynamics of assembly and disassembly of the CMA translocation complex at the lysosomal membrane. The lysosomal mTORC2/PHLPP1/Akt axis could become a target to restore CMA dysfunction in aging and disease.

| S-EPMC4506737 | biostudies-literature

Yin Yang 1 promotes mTORC2-mediated AKT phosphorylation.

Project description:Yin Yang 1 (YY1) regulates both gene expression and protein modifications, and has shown a proliferative role in cancers. In this study, we demonstrate that YY1 promotes AKT phosphorylation at S473, a marker of AKT activation. YY1 expression positively correlated with AKT(S473) phosphorylation in a tissue microarray and cultured cells of breast cancer, but negatively associated with the distant metastasis-free survival of 166 breast cancer patients. YY1 promotes AKT phosphorylation at S473 through direct interaction with AKT, and the AKT-binding site is mapped to the residues G201-S226 on YY1. These residues are also involved in YY1 interaction with Mdm2, Ezh2, and E1A, and thus are designated as the oncogene protein binding (OPB) domain. YY1-promoted AKT phosphorylation relies on the OPB domain but is independent of either transcriptional activity of YY1 or the activity of phosphoinositide-3-kinases. We also determine that YY1-promoted mTORC2 access to AKT leads to its phosphorylation at S473. Importantly, a peptide based on the OPB domain blocks YY1 interaction with AKT and reduces AKT phosphorylation and cell proliferation. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that YY1 promotes mTORC2-mediated AKT activation and disrupting YY1-AKT interaction by OPB domain-based peptide may represent a potential strategy for cancer therapy.

| S-EPMC5007621 | biostudies-literature

TRIB3 suppresses tumorigenesis by controlling mTORC2/AKT/FOXO signaling.

Project description:In a recent article, we found that Tribbles pseudokinase 3 (TRIB3) plays a tumor suppressor role and that this effect relies on the dysregulation of the phosphorylation of v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT) by the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2 complex), and the subsequent hyperphosphorylation and inactivation of the transcription factor Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3).

| S-EPMC4905291 | biostudies-other

Dynamic adipocyte phosphoproteome reveals that Akt directly regulates mTORC2.

Project description:A major challenge of the post-genomics era is to define the connectivity of protein phosphorylation networks. Here, we quantitatively delineate the insulin signaling network in adipocytes by high-resolution mass spectrometry-based proteomics. These data reveal the complexity of intracellular protein phosphorylation. We identified 37,248 phosphorylation sites on 5,705 proteins in this single-cell type, with approximately 15% responding to insulin. We integrated these large-scale phosphoproteomics data using a machine learning approach to predict physiological substrates of several diverse insulin-regulated kinases. This led to the identification of an Akt substrate, SIN1, a core component of the mTORC2 complex. The phosphorylation of SIN1 by Akt was found to regulate mTORC2 activity in response to growth factors, revealing topological insights into the Akt/mTOR signaling network. The dynamic phosphoproteome described here contains numerous phosphorylation sites on proteins involved in diverse molecular functions and should serve as a useful functional resource for cell biologists.

| S-EPMC3690479 | biostudies-literature

MFN2 suppresses cancer progression through inhibition of mTORC2/Akt signaling.

Project description:The mitochondrial GTPase mitofusin-2 (MFN2) has previously been reported to play a role in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation in a number of cell types. Here, we report that breast cancer patients with low MFN2 expression are associated with poor prognosis as compared to patients with high MFN2 expression. We find that MFN2 knockout from MCF7 and A549 cells via Crispr/Cas9 greatly promotes cell viability, colony formation, and invasion of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, which were confirmed by colony formation assay, transwell invasion assay, and tumor xenograft model. Signaling analyses suggest the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2)/Akt signaling pathway is highly elevated in MFN2 knockout cancer cells. The elevated mTORC2 promotes cancer cell growth and metastasis via AktS437 phosphorylation mediated signaling pathway. Mechanistic studies reveal that MFN2 suppresses mTORC2 through direct interaction by binding its domain HR1. Inhibition of mTORC2 significantly suppresses MFN2 deficient tumor growth. Collectively, this study provides novel insights into the tumor progression associated with MFN2 deficiency and suggests that the importance of mTORC2 inhibitor in the treatment of MFN2 downregulated cancer patients.

| S-EPMC5296837 | biostudies-other

GILZ inhibits the mTORC2/AKT pathway in BCR-ABL(+) cells.

Project description:The malignant phenotype of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is due to the abnormal tyrosine kinase activity of the BCR-ABL oncoprotein, which signals several downstream cell survival pathways, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. In patients with CML, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are used to suppress the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase, resulting in impressive response rates. However, resistance can occur, especially in acute-phase CML, through various mechanisms. Here, we show that the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper protein (GILZ) modulates imatinib and dasatinib resistance and suppresses tumor growth by inactivating the mammalian target of rapamycin complex-2 (mTORC2)/AKT signaling pathway. In mouse and human models, GILZ binds to mTORC2, but not to mTORC1, inhibiting phosphorylation of AKT (at Ser473) and activating FoxO3a-mediated transcription of the pro-apoptotic protein Bim; these results demonstrate that GILZ is a key inhibitor of the mTORC2 pathway. Furthermore, CD34(+) stem cells isolated from relapsing CML patients underwent apoptosis and showed inhibition of mTORC2 after incubation with glucocorticoids and imatinib. Our findings provide new mechanistic insights into the role of mTORC2 in BCR-ABL(+) cells and indicate that regulation by GILZ may influence TKI sensitivity.

| S-EPMC3312406 | biostudies-literature

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