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Porcine TRIM21 Enhances Porcine Circovirus 2 Infection and Host Immune Responses, But Inhibits Apoptosis of PCV2-Infected Cells.

ABSTRACT: Tripartite motif protein 21 (TRIM21) is an interferon-inducible E3 ligase, containing one RING finger domain, one B-box motif, one coiled-coil domain at the N-terminal, as well as one PRY domain and one SPRY domain at the C-terminal. TRIM21 is expressed in many tissues and plays an important role in systemic autoimmunity. However, TRIM21 plays different roles in different virus infections. In this study, we evaluate the relationship between porcine TRIM21 and PCV2 infection as well as host immune responses. We found that PCV2 infection modulated the expression of porcine TRIM21. TRIM21 can enhance interferons and proinflammatory factors and decrease cellular apoptosis in PCV2-infected cells. These results indicate that porcine TRIM21 plays a critical role in enhancing PCV2 infection, which is a promising target for controlling and developing the treatment of PCV2 infection.

SUBMITTER: Yang L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8780438 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A Host Factor GPNMB Restricts Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Replication and Interacts With PCV2 ORF5 Protein.

Project description:Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the infectious agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). The recently discovered open reading frame 5 (ORF5) in PCV2 genome encodes a non-structural protein. Previous study revealed that ORF5 protein inhibits cell proliferation and may interact with host transmembrane glycoprotein NMB (GPNMB). However, whether the GPNMB affects PCV2 replication and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unknown. In this study, the transcriptome maps of PCV2-infected and ORF5-transfected porcine alveolar macrophages 3D4/2 (PAM) cells were profiled. The GPNMB gene was down-regulated in PCV2-infected and ORF5-transfected PAMs. By using glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and confocal microscopy approaches, we convincingly showed that PCV2 ORF5 protein interacts with GPNMB. Furthermore, by utilizing lentivirus mediated overexpression or knockdown approach, we showed that the cellular GPNMB significantly inhibits PCV2 replication and ORF5 expression. Moreover, GPNMB overexpressing leads to an increased Cyclin A expression and a reduced S phase, whereas GPNMB knockdown causes a decreased Cyclin A expression and a prolonged S phase. In conclusion, we identified a novel host factor GPNMB that interacts with PCV2 ORF5 protein and restricts PCV2 replication.

| S-EPMC6331448 | biostudies-literature

Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) population study in experimentally infected pigs developing PCV2-systemic disease or a subclinical infection.

Project description:Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is a single stranded DNA virus with one of the highest mutation rates among DNA viruses. This ability allows it to generate a cloud of mutants constantly providing new opportunities to adapt and evade the immune system. This pig pathogen is associated to many diseases, globally called porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD) and has been a threat to pig industry since its discovery in the early 90's. Although 11 ORFs have been predicted from its genome, only two main proteins have been deeply characterized, i.e. Rep and Cap. The structural Cap protein possesses the majority of the epitopic determinants of this non-enveloped virus. The evolution of PCV2 is affected by both natural and vaccine-induced immune responses, which enhances the genetic variability, especially in the most immunogenic Cap region. Intra-host variability has been also demonstrated in infected animals where long-lasting infections can take place. However, the association between this intra-host variability and pathogenesis has never been studied for this virus. Here, the within-host PCV2 variability was monitored over time by next generation sequencing during an experimental infection, demonstrating the presence of large heterogeneity. Remarkably, the level of quasispecies diversity, affecting particularly the Cap coding region, was statistically different depending on viremia levels and clinical signs detected after infection. Moreover, we proved the existence of hyper mutant subjects harboring a remarkably higher number of genetic variants. Altogether, these results suggest an interaction between genetic diversity, host immune system and disease severity.

| S-EPMC7576782 | biostudies-literature

Effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination on PCV2-viremic piglets after experimental PCV2 challenge.

Project description:The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines on PCV2-viremic and -seropositive piglets born from naturally PCV2-infected sows against postnatal PCV2 challenge. The experimental design was aimed at mimicking commercial swine rearing conditions to evaluate the response of the PCV2 vaccine on PCV2-viremic and -seropositive piglets after experimental PCV2 challenge. PCV2a (or 2b)-viremic piglets received a PCV2 vaccine at 21 days of age followed by a PCV2b (or 2a) challenge at 49 days of age (28 days post vaccination). The PCV2 vaccines elicited a high level of humoral (as measured by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay and neutralizing antibody titers) and cellular (as measured by the frequency of PCV2-specific interferon-?-secreting cells) immune response in the PCV2-viremic piglets after vaccination even in the presence of maternally derived antibodies (MDA). The initial infection of PCV2 in the pigs was not affected by PCV2 vaccination, however the challenging PCV2 was reduced by PCV2 vaccination on PCV2-viremic pigs. The results from this study demonstrate that the PCV2 vaccine used in this study is effective at reducing PCV2 viremia and lymphoid PCV2 DNA, even for PCV2-viremic pigs with passively acquired MDA at the time of vaccination.

| S-EPMC3923389 | biostudies-literature

Porcine circovirus 2 strain:PCV2

Project description:Porcine circovirus 2 sequences from Ukraine

| PRJNA832222 | ENA

Expression data from blood samples of piglets experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)

2009-12-31 | GSE14790 | GEO

Expression data from blood samples of piglets experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)

Project description:This study aimed to characterize differences in gene expression in piglets inoculated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), the essential causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Comparisons between control and PCV2-inoculated pigs were done at five different time points: 0, 7, 14, 21 and 29 days post-inoculation. Keywords: time course Seven-day-old caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets were distributed into two groups: control (n=4) and inoculated with 105.2 TCID50 of the Burgos PCV2 isolate (n=4). Pigs were bled at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 29 days post-inoculation.

2009-12-31 | E-GEOD-14790 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Expression data from mediastinal lymph nodes of piglets experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)

2009-11-04 | GSE14758 | GEO

Identification and genotyping of porcine circovirus type II (PCV2) in Mexico.

Project description:Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), family Circoviridae, genus Circovirus infection in domestic pig has been associated with several pathological conditions being the most important of them the postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Many studies have demonstrated the existence of three PCV2 genotypes (a, b, and c) and recently PCV3. Until now, these genotypes or subgenotypes have not been described in Mexico. We found genetic changes in ORF2 from nine strains of PCV2 obtained from samples of Jalisco, Veracruz, Estado de México, Hidalgo and Sonora states of Mexico. Our results shown the presence of two genotypes (PCV2a and PCV2b) as well as, the presence and differences between the reported subgenotypes. The subgenotype PCV2b (1A/1B, 1A) has a higher prevalence (87.5%) in comparison with PCV2a (2C) (12.5%).

| S-EPMC6111953 | biostudies-literature

Infection of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) and interaction between PCV2 and IPEC-J2 microfilaments.

Project description:BackgroundPorcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) is caused by a small pathogenic DNA virus, Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), and is responsible for severe economic losses. PCV2-associated enteritis appears to be a distinct clinical manifestation of PCV2. Most studies of swine enteritis have been performed in animal infection models, but none have been conducted in vitro using cell lines of porcine intestinal origin. An in vitro system would be particularly useful for investigating microfilaments, which are likely to be involved in every stage of the viral lifecycle.MethodsWe confirmed that PCV2 infects the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 by means of indirect immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry and qRT-PCR. PCV2 influence on microfilaments in IPEC-J2 cells was detected by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. We used Cytochalasin D or Cucurbitacin E to reorganize microfilaments, and observed changes in PCV2 invasion, replication and release in IPEC-J2 cells by qRT-PCR.ResultsPCV2 infection changes the ultrastructure of IPEC-J2 cells. PCV2 copy number in IPEC-J2 cells shows a rising trend as infection proceeds. Microfilaments are polymerized at 1 h p.i., but densely packed actin stress fibres are disrupted and total F-actin increases at 24, 48 and 72 h p.i. After Cytochalasin D treatment, invasion of PCV2 is suppressed, while invasion is facilitated by Cucurbitacin E. The microfilament drugs have opposite effects on viral release.ConclusionPCV2 infects and proliferates in IPEC-J2 cells, demonstrating that IPEC-J2 cells can serve as a cell intestinal infection model for PCV2 pathogenesis. Furthermore, PCV2 rearranges IPEC-J2 microfilaments and increases the quantity of F-actin. Actin polymerization may facilitate the invasion of PCV2 in IPEC-J2 cells and the dissolution of cortical actin may promote PCV2 egress.

| S-EPMC4237784 | biostudies-literature

A Novel Virus-Like Agent Originated From Genome Rearrangement of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Enhances PCV2 Replication and Regulates Intracellular Redox Status <i>In Vitro</i>.

Project description:Genome rearrangement occurs to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) during in vitro and in vivo infections, and a number of rearranged PCV2 genomes have been isolated and characterized. This study was conducted to investigate the role of the rearranged PCV2 (rPCV2) in PCV2 replication and the biological effect of rPCV2 in host cells. Two whole rPCV2 genome sequences (358 nt and 1125 nt in length) were synthesized and recombinant plasmids pBSK(+)-rPCV2 (pBSK(+)-1125 and pBSK(+)-358) were constructed. A novel virus-like agent (rPCV2-1125) was rescued by in vitro transfection of porcine kidney cell line (PK-15) and porcine alveolar macrophage 3D4/21 cells. The data indicate that rPCV2-1125 significantly enhanced PCV2 replication in vitro. Furthermore, rPCV2-1125 led to oxidative stress in host cells, as indicated by decreased intracellular glutathione (GSH) and total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, as well as increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. These results provide new insights into genome rearrangement of PCV2 and will contribute to future studies of PCV2 replication and associated mechanisms.

| S-EPMC9043654 | biostudies-literature

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