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Uncovering the phylogeography of Schinus terebinthifolia in South Africa to guide biological control.

ABSTRACT: Schinus terebinthifolia is a problematic invasive alien plant (IAP) in South Africa that is a high priority target for biological control. Biological control has been implemented in the states of Florida and Hawaii (USA), where S. terebinthifolia is also an IAP. Phylogeographic work determined that there have been multiple introductions of two lineages (haplotype A and B) into the USA. Haplotype A was introduced to western Florida and Hawaii, while haplotype B was introduced to eastern Florida. Haplotypes A and B have subsequently hybridized in Florida, resulting in novel plant genotypes. Biological control agents in the USA are known to vary in efficacies on the two different haplotypes and hybrids. This study used molecular techniques to uncover the source populations of S. terebinthifolia in South Africa using chloroplast DNA and microsatellites. Populations from the introduced ranges in Florida (east, west and hybrids) and Hawaii were included (n = 95). All South Africa populations (n = 51) were found to be haplotype A. Microsatellite analysis determined shared alleles with western Florida and Hawaiian populations. The likely source of South African S. terebinthifolia was determined to be western Florida through the horticultural trade. These results will help guide a biological control programme to source agents that perform well on these populations in the USA. Furthermore, the presence of only one haplotype in South Africa highlights the need to ensure no further introductions of other haplotypes of the plant are made, in order to avoid similar hybridization events like those recorded in Florida.

SUBMITTER: Canavan K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8783615 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:IntroductionAntiretroviral treatment (ART) adherence rates are lower among adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) than among adults and children, but more evidence is needed on long-term sustained ART adherence among ALHIV. This study assesses rates of sustained ART adherence in a cohort of adolescents in South Africa.MethodsA prospective cohort of adolescents (10-19 years) living with HIV (baseline sample N = 1 046, 55% female, mean age 13.6) in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa were interviewed at baseline (2014-15) and followed-up twice (2015-16, 2017-18). All adolescents ever initiated on treatment in 52 government health facilities were traced (with 90% uptake, 94% retention at Wave 2, and 97% retention at Wave 3, 3.4% mortality) and their clinic records were extracted where available. We investigate sustained ART adherence among adolescents interviewed at all three waves of data collection (N = 933). To quantify adherence at each study wave, we used self-reported past-week adherence (including weekdays and weekends). Self-reported adherence was validated using HIV-1 RNA viral load (>50 copies/mL cut-off) reported in clinic records, in a random-intercept logistic regression.Results and discussionAt baseline, approximately 66% (N = 615) of adolescents reported past-week ART adherence, and of these 45.3% reported adherence at both baseline and follow-up. Only 37.1% of the sample reported sustained past-week ART adherence over the three waves of the study. Most adolescents (N = 587, 62.9%) report inconsistent adherence across time (including 6.4% disengaged from care). Older (P = 0.007) and adolescents with horizontally acquired HIV (P = 0.002) were more likely to report inconsistent adherence across time. Controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, past-week adherence was associated with non-detectable viral load (aOR 1.72, 95%CI 1.14-2.59, P = 0.009). Overall, of the adolescents with viral load measurements at study Wave 1 and Wave 2, 50.6% maintained undetectable viral load for the preceding year.ConclusionsAdolescents living with HIV reported very low rates of sustained ART adherence. Adherence reported at a single time may mask high rates of variability in adherence over time. These findings highlight the urgent need for enhanced and effective interventions to assist ALHIV with ART adherence through the challenging years of adolescence.

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Uncovering the phylogeography of Schinus terebinthifolia in South Africa to guide biological control.

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