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Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Localization on Distinct Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurons Within the ACC and LPFC of the Rhesus Monkey.

ABSTRACT: Acetylcholine (ACh) can act on pre- and post-synaptic muscarinic receptors (mAChR) in the cortex to influence a myriad of cognitive processes. Two functionally-distinct regions of the prefrontal cortex-the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)-are differentially innervated by ascending cholinergic pathways yet, the nature and organization of prefrontal-cholinergic circuitry in primates are not well understood. Using multi-channel immunohistochemical labeling and high-resolution microscopy, we found regional and laminar differences in the subcellular localization and the densities of excitatory and inhibitory subpopulations expressing m1 and m2 muscarinic receptors, the two predominant cortical mAChR subtypes, in the supragranular layers of LPFC and ACC in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The subset of m1⁺/m2⁺ expressing SMI-32⁺ pyramidal neurons labeled in layer 3 (L3) was denser in LPFC than in ACC, while m1⁺/m2⁺ SMI-32⁺ neurons co-expressing the calcium-binding protein, calbindin (CB) was greater in ACC. Further, we found between-area differences in laminar m1⁺ dendritic expression, and m2⁺ presynaptic localization on cortico-cortical (VGLUT1⁺) and sub-cortical inputs (VGLUT2⁺), suggesting differential cholinergic modulation of top-down vs. bottom-up inputs in the two areas. While almost all inhibitory interneurons-identified by their expression of parvalbumin (PV⁺), CB⁺, and calretinin (CR⁺)-expressed m1⁺, the localization of m2⁺ differed by subtype and area. The ACC exhibited a greater proportion of m2⁺ inhibitory neurons compared to the LPFC and had a greater density of presynaptic m2⁺ localized on inhibitory (VGAT⁺) inputs targeting proximal somatodendritic compartments and axon initial segments of L3 pyramidal neurons. These data suggest a greater capacity for m2⁺-mediated cholinergic suppression of inhibition in the ACC compared to the LPFC. The anatomical localization of muscarinic receptors on ACC and LPFC micro-circuits shown here contributes to our understanding of diverse cholinergic neuromodulation of functionally-distinct prefrontal areas involved in goal-directed behavior, and how these interactions maybe disrupted in neuropsychiatric and neurological conditions.

SUBMITTER: Tsolias A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8786743 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:A key feature of excitatory synapses is the existence of subsynaptic protein nanoclusters whose precise alignment across the cleft in a trans-synaptic nanocolumn influences the strength of synaptic transmission. However, whether nanocolumn properties vary between excitatory synapses functioning in different cellular contexts is unknown. We used a combination of confocal and DNA-PAINT super-resolution microscopy to directly compare the organization of shared scaffold proteins at two important excitatory synapses - those forming onto excitatory principal neurons (Ex→Ex synapses) and those forming onto parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (Ex→PV synapses). As in Ex→Ex synapses, we find that in Ex→PV synapses presynaptic Munc13-1 and postsynaptic PSD-95 both form nanoclusters that demonstrate alignment, underscoring synaptic nanostructure and the trans-synaptic nanocolumn as conserved organizational principles of excitatory synapses. Despite the general conservation of these features, we observed specific differences in the characteristics of pre- and postsynaptic Ex→PV nanostructure. Ex→PV synapses contained larger PSDs with fewer PSD-95 NCs when accounting for size than Ex→Ex synapses. Furthermore, the PSD-95 NCs were larger and denser. The identity of the postsynaptic cell also had a retrograde impact on Munc13-1 organization, as Ex→PV synapses hosted larger Munc13-1 puncta that contained less dense but larger and more numerous Munc13-1 NCs. Moreover, we measured the spatial variability of transsynaptic alignment in these synapse types, revealing protein alignment in Ex→PV synapses over a distinct range of distances compared to Ex→Ex synapses. We conclude that while general principles of nanostructure and alignment are shared, cell-specific elements of nanodomain organization likely contribute to functional diversity of excitatory synapses. Understanding the rules of synapse nanodomain assembly, which themselves are cell-type specific, will be essential for illuminating brain network dynamics.

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Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Localization on Distinct Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurons Within the ACC and LPFC of the Rhesus Monkey.

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