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A series of water-soluble photosensitizers based on 3-cinnamoylcoumarin for in vitro antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation.

ABSTRACT: A series of novel water-soluble photosensitizers (PSs; M1-M5) based on 3-cinnamoylcoumarin derivatives, incorporating carboxylic acid salt (M1, M2), pyridine salt (M3, M4) and quaternary ammonium salt (M5) groups, were designed and synthesized. Their photophysical and photochemical properties and in vitro antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (PDI) were investigated. M2, modified with two carboxylic acid salts, was unstable in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The four other PSs all showed higher binding/uptake to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), A. baumannii and C. albicans compared with the clinical drug methylene blue (MB), except for M1 to A. baumannii. Furthermore, the three cationic PSs (M3-M5) exhibited equivalent antibacterial PDI efficacies against MRSA and A. baumannii compared with MB. The antifungal efficacies of M4 and M5 to C. albicans were both significantly higher than that of MB, especially for M5, indicating that the quaternary ammonium-salt-modified coumarin derivative has substantial potential for antifungal PDI.

SUBMITTER: Sun Z

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9080500 | biostudies-literature | 2018 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A series of water-soluble photosensitizers based on 3-cinnamoylcoumarin for <i>in vitro</i> antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation.

Sun Zhiyuan Z Zhou Shaona S Qiu Haixia H Gu Ying Y Zhao Yuxia Y

RSC advances 20180509 31

A series of novel water-soluble photosensitizers (PSs; M1-M5) based on 3-cinnamoylcoumarin derivatives, incorporating carboxylic acid salt (M1, M2), pyridine salt (M3, M4) and quaternary ammonium salt (M5) groups, were designed and synthesized. Their photophysical and photochemical properties and <i>in vitro</i> antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (PDI) were investigated. M2, modified with two carboxylic acid salts, was unstable in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The four other PSs all show ...[more]

PMID: 35539218

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Project description:A promising alternative to antibiotics for treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections is photodynamic inactivation (PDI), which employs a photosensitizer (PS) that produces cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to molecular oxygen and antimicrobial blue light in the spectrum of 400-470 nm. Although the precise mechanistic basis of PDI has not been defined, the formation of ROS and free radicals that oxidize a number of cellular targets, including membrane lipids, damage to proteins and nucleic acids result in inactivation of essential cellular functions and subsequent cell death. Because PDI is non-selective and affects multiple cellular targets, development of resistance or tolerance to PDI has been considered to be unlikely and attempts to induce S. aureus resistance or tolerance upon repeated sub-lethal doses of PDI have not succeeded. However, multiple aspects of PDI suggest that development of tolerance is highly probable, in particular when PDI is used for treatment of infections where the environment at the infection site prevents penetration of PDI at a level sufficient to cause death of all bacteria and with tolerant phenotypes emerging from the surviving bacteria. In this study, we sought to identify the mechanisms that contribute to PDI tolerance in S. aureus. S. aureus HG003 and the isogenic HG003DmutSL strain with defects in DNA mismatch repair were used to evaluate the response of S. aureus and the roles of DNA mismatch repair and gene regulatory networks to repeated sublethal doses of PDI. Global transcriptome and genome analyses were used in an agnostic approach to identify the underlying transcriptional responses and genetic adaptations that occur as a result of repeated PDI and contribute to PDI tolerance. Our results reveal multiple metabolic, transport and cell wall biogenesis pathways that contribute to PDI tolerance, and a S. aureus regulatory gene likely responsible for the adaptive transcriptional response to PDI.

Project description:BackgroundCandida albicans is the most prevalent fungal pathogen of the human microbiota, causing infections ranging from superficial infections of the skin to life-threatening systemic infections. Due to the increasing occurrence of antibiotic-resistant C. albicans strains, new approaches to control this pathogen are needed. Photodynamic inactivation is an emerging alternative to treat infections based on the interactions between visible light and photosensitisers, in which pheophorbide a (PPA) is a chlorophyll-based photosensitizer that could induce cell death after light irradiation. Due to PPA's phototoxicity and low efficiency, the main challenge is to implement photosensitizer cell targeting and attacking.MethodsIn this study, PPA was conjugated with JM-phage by EDC/NHS crosslinking. UV-Vis spectra was used to determine the optimum conjugation percentages of PPA and JM-phage complex for photodynamic inactivation. After photodynamic inactivation, the efficacy of PPA-JM-phage was assessed by performing in vitro experiments, such as MTS assay, scanning electron microscopy, measurement of dysfunctional mitochondria, ROS accumulation, S cell arrest and apoptotic pathway.ResultsA single-chain variable-fragment phage (JM) with high affinity to MP65 was screened from human single-fold single-chain variable-fragment libraries and designed as a binding target for C. albicans cells. Subsequently, PPa was integrated into JM phage to generate a combined nanoscale material, which was called PPA-JM-phage. After photodynamic inactivation, the growth of C. albicans was inhibited by PPA-JM-phage and apoptosis was observed. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed shrinking and rupturing of C. albicans. We also found that depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels were elevated significantly in C. albicans inhibited by PPA-JM-phage. Additionally, PPA-JM-phage also lead to S-phase arrest, and metacaspase activation resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction was also found to be involved in C. albicans apoptosis.ConclusionPPa-JM-phage may induce C. albicans apoptosis through a caspase-dependent pathway and the results herein shed light on the potential application of phtototherapeutic nanostructures in fungal inactivation.

Dataset Information

A series of water-soluble photosensitizers based on 3-cinnamoylcoumarin for in vitro antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation.

Publications

A series of water-soluble photosensitizers based on 3-cinnamoylcoumarin for <i>in vitro</i> antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation.

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