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Proteolytic Activation of Plant Membrane-Bound Transcription Factors.

ABSTRACT: Due to the presence of a transmembrane domain, the subcellular mobility plan of membrane-bound or membrane-tethered transcription factors (MB-TFs) differs from that of their cytosolic counterparts. The MB-TFs are mostly locked in (sub)cellular membranes, until they are released by a proteolytic cleavage event or when the transmembrane domain (TMD) is omitted from the transcript due to alternative splicing. Here, we review the current knowledge on the proteolytic activation mechanisms of MB-TFs in plants, with a particular focus on regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP), and discuss the analogy with the proteolytic cleavage of MB-TFs in animal systems. We present a comprehensive inventory of all known and predicted MB-TFs in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and examine their experimentally determined or anticipated subcellular localizations and membrane topologies. We predict proteolytically activated MB-TFs by the mapping of protease recognition sequences and structural features that facilitate RIP in and around the TMD, based on data from metazoan intramembrane proteases. Finally, the MB-TF functions in plant responses to environmental stresses and in plant development are considered and novel functions for still uncharacterized MB-TFs are forecasted by means of a regulatory network-based approach.

SUBMITTER: De Backer J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9237531 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Membrane-bound transcription factors (MTFs) are located in cellular membranes due to their transmembrane domains. In plants, proteolytic processing is considered to be the main mechanism for MTF activation, which ensures the liberation of MTFs from membranes and further their translocation into the nucleus to regulate gene expression; this process skips both the transcriptional and translational stages, and thus it guarantees the prompt responses of plants to various stimuli. Currently, information concerning plant MTFs is limited to model organisms, including Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, and little is known in other plant species at the genome level. In the present study, seven membrane topology predictors widely used by the research community were employed to establish a reliable workflow for MTF identification. Genome-wide in silico analysis of MTFs was then performed in 14 plant species spanning the chlorophytes, bryophytes, gymnosperms, monocots and eudicots. A total of 1,089 MTFs have been identified from a total of 25,850 transcription factors in these 14 plant species. These MTFs belong to 52 gene family, and the top six most abundant families are the NAC (128), SBP (77), C2H2 (70), bZIP (67), MYB-related (65) and bHLH (63) families. The MTFs have transmembrane spans ranging from one to thirteen, and 71.5% and 21.1% of the MTFs have one and two transmembrane motifs, respectively. Most of the MTFs in this study have transmembrane motifs located in either N- or C-terminal regions, indicating that proteolytic cleavage could be a conserved mechanism for MTF activation. Additionally, approximately half of the MTFs in the genome of either Arabidopsis thaliana or Gossypium raimondii could be potentially regulated by alternative splicing, indicating that alternative splicing is another conserved activation mechanism for MTFs. The present study performed systematic analyses of MTFs in plant lineages at the genome level, and provides invaluable information for the research community.

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Proteolytic Activation of Plant Membrane-Bound Transcription Factors.

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