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Specific (sialyl-)Lewis core 2 O-glycans differentiate colorectal cancer from healthy colon epithelium

ABSTRACT: Cells are covered with a dense layer of carbohydrates, some of which are solely present on neoplastic cells. The so-called tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) are increasingly recognized as promising targets for immunotherapy. These carbohydrates differ from those of the surrounding non-cancerous tissues and contribute to the malignant phenotype of the cancer cells by promoting proliferation, metastasis, and immunosuppression. However, due to tumor tissue heterogeneity and technological limitations, TACAs are insufficiently explored. Methods: A workflow was established to decode the colorectal cancer (CRC)-associated O-linked glycans from approximately 20,000 cell extracts. Extracts were obtained through laser capture microdissection of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues of both primary tumors and metastatic sites, and compared to healthy colon mucosa from the same patients. The released O-glycans were analyzed by porous graphitized carbon liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in negative ion mode. Results: Distinctive O-glycosylation features were found in cancerous, stromal and normal colon mucosal regions. Over 100 O-linked glycans were detected in cancerous regions with absence in normal mucosa. From those, six core 2 O-glycans were exclusively found in more than 33% of the cancers, carrying the terminal (sialyl-)LewisX/A antigen. Moreover, two O-glycans were present in 72% of the analyzed cancers and 94% of the investigated cancers expressed at least one of these two O-glycans. In contrast, normal colon mucosa predominantly expressed core 3 O-glycans, carrying α2-6-linked sialylation, (sulfo-)LewisX/A and Sda antigens. Conclusion: In this study, we present a novel panel of highly specific TACAs, based upon differences in the glycomic profiles between CRC and healthy colon mucosa. These TACAs are promising new targets for development of innovative cancer immune target therapies and lay the foundation for the targeted treatment of CRC.

SUBMITTER: Madunic K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9254241 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundLewis antigens such as Sialyl Lewis A (sLeA), Sialyl Lewis X (sLeX), Lewis X (LeX), and Lewis Y (LeY) are a class of carbohydrate molecules that are known to mediate adhesion between tumor cells and endothelium by interacting with its selectin ligands. However, their potential role in miscarriage remains enigmatic. This study aims to analyze the expression pattern of sLeA, sLeX, LeX, and LeY in the placental villi tissue of patients with a medical history of unexplained miscarriages.MethodsParaffin-embedded slides originating from placental tissue were collected from patients experiencing a miscarriage early in their pregnancy (6-13 weeks). Tissues collected from spontaneous (n = 20) and recurrent (n = 15) miscarriages were analyzed using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining. Specimens obtained from legally terminated normal pregnancies were considered as control group (n = 18). Assessment of villous vessel density was performed in another cohort (n = 10 each group) of gestation ages-paired placenta tissue. Protein expression was evaluated with Immunoreactive Score (IRS). Statistical analysis was performed by using Graphpad Prism 8.ResultsExpression of sLeA, sLeX, LeX, and LeY in the syncytiotrophoblast was significantly upregulated in the control group compared with spontaneous and recurrent miscarriage groups. However, no prominent differences between spontaneous and recurrent miscarriage groups were identified. Potential key modulators ST3GAL6 and NEU1 were found to be significantly downregulated in the recurrent miscarriage group and upregulated in the spontaneous group, respectively. Interestingly, LeX and LeY expression was also detected in the endothelial cells of villous vessels in the control group but no significant expression in miscarriage groups. Furthermore, assessment of villous vessel density using CD31 found significantly diminished vessels in all size groups of villi (small villi <200 µm, P = 0.0371; middle villi between 200 and 400 µm, P = 0.0010 and large villi >400 µm, P = 0.0003). Immunofluorescent double staining also indicated the co-localization of LeX/Y and CD31.ConclusionsThe expression of four mentioned carbohydrate Lewis antigens and their potential modulators, ST3GAL6 and NEU1, in the placenta of patients with miscarriages was significantly different from the normal pregnancy. For the first time, their expression pattern in the placenta was illustrated, which might shed light on a novel understanding of Lewis antigens' role in the pathogenesis of miscarriages.

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Specific (sialyl-)Lewis core 2 O-glycans differentiate colorectal cancer from healthy colon epithelium

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